In recent years, organizations around the globe have begun measuring the engagement level of employees in order to improve productivity and profitability. Employee engagement has the potential to significantly affect employee retention and loyalty. To explore pharmacists' perceptions of the organizational support and impact of resilience and perceived organizational support on employee engagement in a stressful and competitive work environment. We carried out a cross-sectional survey of 81 pharmacists, who were selected as a random sample in Saudi Arabia. Those pharmacists were assigned in highly competitive jobs within organizations such as pharmaceutical companies, hospitals and pharmaceutical distributors. We used the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and the Perceived Organizational Support Scale (POS) to collect the data, which then was analyzed using the descriptive and analytical tests and multiple logistic regressions in IBM® SPSS® version 24.0. Eighty one out of 100 surveys were collected back with responses-the response rate was 81% (n = 81). We obtained moderate levels of perceived organizational support and resilience; means were 4.6 ± 0.8 and 3.2 ± 0.45, respectively. Demographic variables, resilience, and perceived organizational support predicted were approximately 29.2%, 29.6%, and 36.2%, respectively, of the variance in employee engagement. We also found a significant correlation between the pharmacists' perceptions of organizational support and their engagement (β = 0.31, p < 0.05), but no statistically significant relationship between resilience and employee engagement. This study showed how pharmacists' perceptions of organizational support are related to their engagement in the workplace, demonstrating a significant relationship between perceived organizational support and employee engagement.

Introduction Rare diseases (RDs) are often chronic and progressive life-threatening medical conditions that affect a low percentage of the population compared with other diseases. These conditions can be treated with medications known as orphan drugs (ODs). Unfortunately, there is no universal definition of RDs or ODs. This systematic review (SR) will identify the quantitative and qualitative criteria and the underlying rationale used internationally to define RDs and ODs. Methods and analysis This protocol follows the conventions for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (2015 guidelines). A SR will be conducted, including a search of the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, GreyLit and OpenGrey. Eligible publications will be selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Extracted data will be analysed using thematic and content analyses of qualitative descriptors, whereas quantitative data will be analysed descriptively and reported in the form of frequencies and percentages. Ethics and dissemination No ethical approval is required since this SR focuses on the secondary analysis of data retrieved from the scientific literature. The outcomes of this SR will be published as part of a PhD thesis, presented at conferences, and published in peer-reviewed journals. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021252701.

This study aims to review all published systematic reviews on the prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors among women from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC). This is the first review of other systematic reviews that concentrates on lifestyle related diseases among women in GCC countries only. Literature searches were carried out in three electronic databases for all published systematic reviews on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the GCC countries between January 2000 and February 2016. Eleven systematic reviews were identified and selected for our review. Common reported risk factors for cardiovascular disease were obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. In GCC countries, obesity among the female population ranges from 29 to 45.7%, which is one of the highest rates globally, and it is linked with physical inactivity, ranging from 45 to 98.7%. The prevalence of diabetes is listed as one of the top ten factors globally, and was reported with an average of 21%. Hypertension ranged from 20.9 to 53%. The high prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases among women population in GCC is a ticking time bomb and is reaching alarming levels, and require a fundamental social and political changes. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive work among the GCC to strengthen the regulatory framework to decrease and control the prevalence of these factors.

Saudi Arabia has experienced an increasing trend in obesity prevalence in the last three decades; obesity is a significant risk factor for non-communicable diseases, which may cause healthcare and economic burdens. In this systematic review, we aim to explore the obesity prevalence, obesity-related complications (ORCs), and the economic burden of obesity in Saudi Arabia. Literature searches for relevant local studies across Saudi Arabia spanning 2012 to 2022 were performed in PubMed and EMBASE, along with supplementary searches for relevant congress abstracts. Only studies that discussed obesity prevalence in Saudi Arabia in relation to any gender or age group, the prevalence of ORCs in Saudi Arabia for any gender or age group, and/or the economic burden of obesity and how it impacts the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia, and were published in the English language, were selected for inclusion. No age or gender restrictions were imposed. The prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia ranged from 20% to 39% and up to 19.4% among adults and adolescents, respectively. The most reported ORCs were hypertension (67.6%), type 2 diabetes (60.7%), and hypercholesterolaemia (51.3%), and an association between obesity and ORCs was established, showing an increased risk with increasing body mass index. The economic burden of obesity across Saudi Arabia was estimated to be 6.4 billion US dollars (USD) for treatment and management. Obesity affects a substantial proportion of the Saudi general population and is a significant burden on individuals, as demonstrated by the prevalence of ORCs. Multifaceted, short- and long-term approaches involving interventions that operate at multiple levels and target both individuals and communities are urgently needed; there is a particular need for a national strategy and a specific, systems-based policy. Further research will help increase awareness of obesity and its management, which will be crucial for transforming the healthcare system under Vision 2030.

Objectives This study sheds light on the available global definitions, classifications, and criteria used for rare diseases (RDs), ultrarare diseases (URDs), orphan drugs (ODs) and ultraorphan drugs (UODs) and provides insights into the rationale behind these definitions. Design A systematic literature review was conducted to identify existing definitions and the criteria used to define RDs, ODs and their subtypes. Data sources Searches were performed in the PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science (Science and Social Sciences Citation Index) databases covering articles published from 1985 to 2021. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies English-language studies on the general human population were included if they provided definitions or criteria for RDs, ODs and/or their subtypes without restrictions on publication year, country or jurisdiction. Data extraction and synthesis Two independent reviewers conducted the search, screening and data extraction. Narrative synthesis, content analysis and descriptive analyses were conducted to extract and categorise definitions and criteria from these sources. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. Results Online searches identified 2712 published articles. Only 93 articles met the inclusion criteria, with 209 distinct definitions extracted. Specifically, 93 of these articles pertained to 119 RDs, 11 URDs, 67 ODs and 12 UODs. These definitions varied in their reliance on prevalence based and other contextual criteria. Conclusion Prevalence-based criteria alone pose challenges, as disease frequencies differ by country. Establishing country-specific definitions can enhance understanding, support intercountry evaluations, improve healthcare efficiency and access to ODs, and strengthen equity and equality in healthcare. Such efforts would also promote research and development and support better outcomes for patients with complex and rare conditions. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021252701.