Ethanol is known as the most widely used alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines. Compared to it, butanol has proved to be a very promising renewable fuel in recent years for desirable properties. The conjoint analysis on combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of a port fuel injection spark-ignition engine fueled with butanol–gasoline blends was carried out. In comparison with butanol–gasoline blends with various butanol ratio (0–60 vol% referred as G100~B60) and conventional alcohol alternative fuels (methanol, ethanol, and butanol)–gasoline blends, it shows that B30 performs well in engine performance and emissions, including brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. Then, B30 was compared with G100 under various equivalence ratios (Φ = 0.83–1.25) and engine loads (3 and 5-bar brake mean effective pressure). In summary, B30 presents an advanced combustion phasing, which leads to a 0.3%–2.8% lower brake thermal efficiency than G100 as the engine was running at the spark timing of gasoline’s maximum brake torque (MBT). Therefore, the sparking timing should be postponed when fueled with butanol–gasoline blends. For emissions, the lower carbon monoxide (2.3%–8.7%), unburned hydrocarbons (12.4%–27.5%), and nitrogen oxides (2.8%–19.6%) were shown for B30 compared with G100. Therefore, butanol could be a good alternative fuel to gasoline for its potential to improve combustion efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions.

Alternating current preheating (ACP) of lithium-ion batteries has the advantage of a high heating rate while inhibiting lithium plating. Two strategies based on terminal voltage control and full battery impedance control were proposed to simplify the ACP implementation. However, such strategies either severely compromise the preheating rate or induce non-negligible lithium plating. To maximize the preheating rate while ensuring no lithium plating, an ACP method based on anode potential control is developed using a square wave alternating current. The operation boundaries of lithium plating prevention, in terms of frequency and maximum permissible current amplitude, are determined using the anode potential and impedance. Their effectiveness in preventing lithium plating is validated by repeating 800 cycles of preheating. By applying the operation boundaries, a temperature-adaptive preheating is found to be able to speed up the preheating rate with higher frequency, smaller temperature intervals and better thermal insulation. When the battery is preheated at a frequency of 400 Hz, with a temperature interval of 5 °C and a heat transfer coefficient of 5 Wm⁻² K⁻¹, the preheating rate can reach 6.61 °C/min, exceeding the method based on the terminal voltage control by 5.4%, and larger than that based on the full battery impedance control strategy by 41.8%.