Allium is a genus that is widely consumed and used as traditional medicine in several countries. This genus has two major species, namely cultivated species and wild species. Cultivated species consist of A. cepa L., A. sativum L., A. fistulosum L. and A. schoenoprasum L. and wild species consist of A. ursinum L., A. flavum L., A. scorodoprasum L., A. vineale L. and A. atroviolaceum Boiss. Several studies report that the Allium species contain secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins and have bioactivity such as antioxidants, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, pancreatic α-amylase, glucoamylase enzyme inhibitors and antiplatelets. This review summarizes some information regarding the types of Allium species (ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology), the content of compounds of Allium species leaves with various isolation methods, bioactivities, antioxidant properties and the structure-antioxidant activity relationship (SAR) of Allium compounds.

Based on data from The Global Burden of Disease Study in 2016, dental and oral health problems, especially dental caries, are a disease experienced by almost half of the world’s population (3.58 billion people). One of the main causes of dental caries is the pathogenesis of Streptococcus mutans. Prevention can be achieved by controlling S. mutans using an antibacterial agent. The most commonly used antibacterial for the treatment of dental caries is chlorhexidine. However, long-term use of chlorhexidine has been reported to cause resistance and some side effects. Therefore, the discovery of a natural antibacterial agent is an urgent need. A natural antibacterial agent that can be used are herbal medicines derived from medicinal plants. Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav has the potential to be used as a natural antibacterial agent for treating dental and oral health problems. Several studies reported that the leaves of P. crocatum Ruiz and Pav contain secondary metabolites such as essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds that are active against S. mutans. This review summarizes some information about P. crocatum Ruiz and Pav, various isolation methods, bioactivity, S. mutans bacteria that cause dental caries, biofilm formation mechanism, antibacterial properties, and the antibacterial mechanism of secondary metabolites in P. crocatum Ruiz and Pav.

This study aims to measure the effectiveness of using ethnochemistry-based Adobe Flash learning media using indigenous knowledge on scientific literacy. The study used a quasi-experimental method. The research subjects were 68 students who used ethnochemistry-based Adobe Flash learning media using indigenous knowledge on secondary metabolite material. The research is a quantitative study with pretest and posttest design. Data in the study were collected through tests to determine students' scientific literacy skills, including aspects of knowledge and competence in analyzing scientific phenomena, connecting chemical concepts to existing phenomena, and interpreting data or scientific evidence and questionnaires. Supporting data was obtained through a questionnaire to determine learning media users' opinions. The test was conducted with ten multiple-choice questions and a questionnaire with ten statements using a Likert scale of 1-4. The data analysis technique calculates the average score of test questions that have criteria according to scientific literacy and the percentage of user satisfaction. Based on the research results, the average value of 81.50 for scientific literacy skills on the concept of secondary metabolites with an N Gain of 80% is in a good category, and it is also known that the average percentage of user satisfaction is 83%, in a good category. Based on the hypothesis testing using the right-test, it has a t count of 16,160 and a t table of 2,021. The study concludes that applying ethnochemistry-based Adobe Flash learning media on secondary metabolites is effective for students' scientific literacy. Thus, it could be excluded that interactive media can support students' learning and improve scientific literacy.

The high incidence of oral health issues and antibiotic resistance has stimulated research into discovering novel antimicrobial drugs. Prior evidence suggests that red betel leaves (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) possess potential antimicrobial properties, including the presence of stigmasterol, a bioactive compound. However, the proteins precisely inhibited by stigmasterol compounds have not been identified as target proteins in the mechanism of action of stigmasterol as an oral antimicrobial agent or proteins involved in the virulence system of pathogenic oral microorganisms. The objective of this research is to identify and predict the antimicrobial mechanism of action of the stigmasterol compound isolated from red betel against specific proteins using a molecular docking approach. The methods employed for this investigation are as follows: Stigmasterol extracted from P. crocatum Ruiz and Pav was utilized as a ligand. Positive controls for each protein were antibiotics or substrates. The study findings indicate that the stigmasterol compound exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties against pathogenic oral microorganisms in vitro as well as in silico against the crucial antibacterial enzymes MurA and PBP in addition to the pivotal antifungal enzyme exo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase and lanosterol‐14‐α‐demethylase. Therefore, it can be inferred that the stigmasterol present in Red Betel leaves could potentially function as an antimicrobial agent by impeding the spread of pathogenic oral microorganisms.

This study aimed to develop STREAM-based water teaching using Smart Apps Creator 3 on students’ scientific literacy. The method carried out by Research and Development uses the 4D design (Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate). The research data were collected and analyzed in the form of quantitative descriptive from the students’ pre-test and post-test results. This research used a Google form by distributing a questionnaire given to students with 56 respondents and 11 science teachers who had used STREAM-based water teaching materials using SAC 3. The results of the study, the average percentage of scientific literacy with N-Gain was 76% with a tall category, which means that the application of learning materials based on STREAM using Smart Apps Creator 3 is proven to improve student learning. Conclusion in this study is STREAM-based teaching materials using SAC 3 are statistically proven to improve students’ scientific literacy to water material in online learning during the current pandemic.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Socioscientific Issue (SSI)-based petroleum materials integrated with the eLSMAWAR website on students’ scientific literacy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. However, it still targets the achievement of 21st-century skills, namely scientific literacy competencies. Scientific literacy is needed as a skill that can answer the demands of the 21st-century era, as a problem solver that is competitive, innovative, creative, collaborative, and has character. This research method uses Research and Development (R D), which refers to Borg and Gall’s development model. The instrument used in this study was an expert validation sheet filled in by a validator which was useful for knowing whether it was feasible or not to develop. Students are given ten descriptive questions on a 1-4 Likert scale to determine the effect of teaching materials on scientific literacy. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive quantitative. Expert validation resulted in an average percentage of 87% on material, presentation, language, and legibility aspects. For the validation of chemistry educators, the mean score of CVI for the language aspect and legibility is 0.80; the material aspect is 0.86; for the presentation, aspect is 0.84. This means that based on chemistry experts and educators, the criteria for SSI-based petroleum materials integrated with the eLSMAWAR website are appropriate/valid and very suitable for use. The scientific literacy test results obtained an N-Gain of 0.66, which means that the SSI-based teaching materials integrated with the eLSMAWAR website are quite effective in improving students’ scientific literacy. The research concludes that the teaching material based on Socioscientific Issue (SSI) integrated with the eLSMAWAR website on students’ scientific literacy with three indicators of scientific literacy is following the demands of the implementation of 21st-century skills.