Efficient bio-ethanol production from napiegrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) was investigated. A low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA)-pretreated napiegrass was subjected to simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), which was performed at 36°C using Escherichia coli KO11, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cellulase, and xylanase. It was found that use of xylanase as well as the LMAA-pretreatment was effective for the SSCF. After the SSCF for 96 h, the ethanol yield reached 74% of the theoretical yield based on the glucan (397 mg g-1) and xylan (214 mg g-1) occurring in dry powdered LMAA-pretreated napiergrass.

Adsorption and intercalation of +2 charged cationic [3-(trimethylammonio)propoxo(methoxo)(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V)]²⁺ (1a) into an artificially synthesized smectite clay were studied. The red shift of Soret band in UV-spectra for 1a in an aqueous colloidal clay solution and analyses of X-ray diffraction of the obtained complex between 1a and the clay indicate the intercalation of 1a into the clay interlayer. Ammonium cationic part on an axial ligand led to the effective non-aggregated intercalation of 1a into the clay.