Chloride (Cl⁻) is considered a crucial nutrient for plant growth, but it can be a challenge under saline conditions. Excessive accumulation of Cl⁻ in leaves can cause toxicity. Chloride channels (CLCs) are expressed in the inner membranes of plant cells and function as essential Cl⁻ exchangers or channels. In response to salt stress in plants, CLCs play a crucial role, and CLC proteins assist in maintaining the intracellular Cl⁻ homeostasis by sequestering Cl⁻ into vacuoles. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the primary substance responsible for causing salt-induced phytotoxicity. However, research on plant responses to Cl⁻ stress is comparatively rare, in contrast to that emphasizing Na⁺. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the plant response and tolerance to Cl⁻ stress, specifically focusing on comparative analysis of CLC protein structures in different species. Additionally, to further gain insights into the underlying mechanisms, the study summarizes the identified CLC genes that respond to salt stress. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the response of CLCs in terrestrial plants to salt stress and their biological functions, aiming to gain further insights into the mechanisms underlying the response of CLCs in plants to salt stress.

Polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) is an important plant biochemical anti-disease factor. PGIP has a leucine-rich repeat structure that can selectively bind and inhibit the activity of endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PG) in fungi, playing a key role in plant disease resistance. The regulation of PGIP in plant disease resistance has been well studied, and the effect of PGIP to increase disease resistance is clear. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the PGIP protein structure, the PGIP mechanism of plant disease resistance, and anti-disease activity by PGIP gene transfer. This overview should contribute to a better understanding of PGIP function and can help guide resistance breeding of PGIP for anti-disease effects.

Salt stress represents a significant abiotic stressor for plants and poses a severe threat to agricultural productivity. Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small disulfide reductases that can scavenge cellular reactive oxygen species and are crucial for plant growth and development, particularly under stressful circumstances. Although CGFS-type GRXs were found to be involved in various abiotic stresses, the intrinsic mechanism mediated by LeGRXS14, a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) CGFS-type GRX, is not yet fully understood. We discovered that LeGRXS14 is relatively conserved at the N-terminus and exhibits an increase in expression level under salt and osmotic stress conditions in tomatoes. The expression levels of LeGRXS14 in response to osmotic stress peaked relatively rapidly at 30 min, while the response to salt stress only peaked at 6 h. We constructed LeGRXS14 overexpression Arabidopsis thaliana (OE) lines and confirmed that LeGRXS14 is located on the plasma membrane, nucleus, and chloroplasts. In comparison to the wild-type Col-0 (WT), the OE lines displayed greater sensitivity to salt stress, resulting in a profound inhibition of root growth under the same conditions. Analysis of the mRNA levels of the WT and OE lines revealed that salt stress-related factors, such as ZAT12, SOS3, and NHX6, were downregulated. Based on our research, it can be concluded that LeGRXS14 plays a significant role in plant tolerance to salt. However, our findings also suggest that LeGRXS14 may act as a negative regulator in this process by exacerbating Na⁺ toxicity and the resulting oxidative stress.

The development of climate change resilient crops is conducive to meeting the increasing threat of supporting the growing world population. Polyploidy occupies an important position in angiosperm evolution, as a key factor that shapes plant biodiversity, growth vigor, environmental adaptation, and emerging chemical compounds. In this review, we outlined the development and application of creating new allopolyploids using sexual and asexual approaches and their potential benefits and problems. We described how polyploidization caused strict genome modification at cytogenetic, genetic, and epigenetic levels with emphasis on the latest update on genome assembly of newly synthesized allopolyploids. Despite the success in creating new allopolyploids in many genera, it occasionally gave rise to undesirable traits to impact the utilization of newly synthetic allopolyploids. Recent developments in the de novo domestication of wild species through genome editing provide a route to create new crops to secure the global food supply. Following the strategy, de novo improvement of newly synthetic allopolyploids using genome editing could be galvanized to rapidly improve newly synthesized allopolyploids to meet agriculture demands and enable plant breeders to keep pace with global changes.

Leaf senescence, the final developmental stage of a leaf, is a highly regulated process that is vital for the recycling of nutrients and the maintenance of plant fitness. Its control operates at multiple levels, including chromatin remodeling, transcription, post-transcriptional regulation, translation, and post-translational modifications. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles of key transcription factor (TF) families—WRKY, NAC, and MYB—in modulating leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. We detail how these TFs integrate internal and external signals to regulate senescence-associated genes (SAGs). In addition, we explore the pivotal role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in post-transcriptional control of senescence, focusing on their regulation of these TF families. In conjunction with the transcriptome data of Arabidopsis miRNAs under conditions of dark-induced senescence, we also highlight several novel senescence-associated miRNAs. Integrating transcriptional and post-transcriptional perspectives, this review presents an updated regulatory network for leaf senescence and discusses potential applications for manipulating senescence in crops to improve yield and quality.

The authors wish to correct the following error in the original paper