The discrete mathematical analysis (DMA) is a series of algorithms aimed at the solution of basic problems of data analysis: clustering and tracing in multidimensional arrays, morphological analysis of reliefs, search for anomalies and trends in records etc. All the DMA algorithms are of universal nature, joined by the same formal foundation, based, in its turn, on fuzzy logic (FL) and fuzzy mathematics (FM). The current study finalizes the search for the anomalies in one-dimensional time series within the scope of DMA: here the initial concept of an interpreter’s logic gets its additional development. First, the formal expert’s opinions are more fully expressed, and this is realized with the more complex measures of activity (the concept of straightenings (Gvishiani et al. 2003; Gvishiani et al. 2004; Zlotnicki et al. 2005) is replaced by the measures of activity which come to the fore): second, for the junction of anomalies, a recently created DPS (Discrete Perfect Sets) algorithm is used DPS (Discrete Perfect Sets) (Agayan et al. 2011; Agayan et al. 2014)

Typically, strong earthquakes do not occur over the entire territory of the seismically active region. Recognition of areas where they may occur is a critical step in seismic hazard assessment studies. For half a century, the Earthquake-Prone Areas (EPA) approach, developed by the famous Soviet academicians I.M. Gelfand and V.I. Keilis-Borok, was used to recognize areas prone to strong earthquakes. For the modern development of ideas that form the basis of the EPA method, new mathematical methods of pattern recognition are proposed. They were developed by the authors to overcome the difficulties that arise today when using the EPA approach in its classic version. So, firstly, a scheme for the recognition of high seismicity disjunctive nodes and the vicinities of axis intersections of the morphostructural lineaments was created with only one high seismicity learning class. Secondly, the system-analytical method FCAZ (Formalized Clustering and Zoning) has been developed. It uses the epicenters of fairly weak earthquakes as recognition objects. This makes it possible to develop the recognition result of areas prone to strong earthquakes after the appearance of epicenters of new weak earthquakes and, thereby, to repeatedly correct the results over time. It is shown that the creation of the FCAZ method for the first time made it possible to consider the classical problem of earthquake-prone areas recognition from the point of view of advanced systems analysis. The new mathematical recognition methods proposed in the article have made it possible to successfully identify earthquake-prone areas on the continents of North and South America, Eurasia, and in the subduction zones of the Pacific Rim.

The methods are suggested for analyzing the data of three-component geomagnetic observations in order to automatically recognize time anomalies-pulsations in the geomagnetic field. These methods include preliminary bandpass filtering of the data, calculating the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of magnetic components in a moving time window, computing the generalized variance of the eigenvalues (generalization is understood as raising to a power that is distinct from the traditional power of 2), averaging the variance, and identifying the time intervals marked by the presence of pulsations by the criterion of the averaged variance of eigenvalues to exceed a certain threshold specified by the fuzzy-logic methods.

The method of analyzing data known as Discrete Mathematical Analysis (DMA) incorporates fuzzy mathematics and logic. This paper focuses on applying DMA to study the morphology of time series by utilizing the language of fuzzy mathematics. The morphological characteristics of the time series, such as background, slopes, and vertices, are considered fuzzy sets within the domain of its definition. This allows for the use of fuzzy logic in examining the morphology of time series, ultimately leading to the detection of anomalies.