Natural compounds are a repertoire of organoleptic molecules. This indicates that although they are not a significant source of nutrients, still they exhibit a wide range of medicinal properties through their plethora of anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory activities. Coumarins, found in a variety of plants from different biodiversity regions, also have been reported to be present in many plants of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Here, we would attempt to enumerate the natural coumarin compounds, their pharmaco-therapeutic potential and their occurrence as well as abundance in the flora of the aforesaid biodiversity region. Coumarins, derived their name from the French word “coumarou” for Tonka bean. First isolated in 1820, coumarin still finds its relevance in the study of implementation of natural compounds in treating neuro-degenerative and cancer-like fatal diseases. Naturally occurring benzopyrones, chemically classified as lactones and coumarin compounds need to be reviewed to develop new era drugs from natural resources. This promises an effective treatment regimen with minimal side effects and also paves the path for a sustainable future with efforts to manage our health problems from the plant products in our immediate environment.

Neural disorders refer to conditions of the nervous system due to infection or degeneration of the neurons leading to either neurodegenerative disorder or neuropsychiatric disorder. Some such disorders of the nervous system include Parkinsons’s disease, depression, amnesia, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, cerebrovascular impairment, epilepsy, seizure disorders, etc. In conventional medical system, some medicines belonging to the class of psychodelic drugs, sedatives, neurotransmitters, neuro-stimulants, etc. are in extensive use. Unfortunately, most of these drugs either delay the progression of the neural disorder or leave the patient with prominent adverse side effects. Several potent bioactive compounds with neuroprotective potential have been reported from medicinal plants and some of them have been found to be highly effective. Belonging from natural sources, mostly, the plant derived compounds exhibit minimum or no cytotoxicity at a prescribed standardised dose against a particular health ailment. Many such phytocompounds from plant sources with potent neuroprotective activities have been in use in Ayurvedacharya, Unani, and Chinese medicine for ages. The compounds if isolated chemically, modified to make more potent neuroprotective derivatives and utilised to make highly effective neuroprotective pharmaceutical formulations with minimum side effects, may open new revolutionary doorways in neuropharmacology. In this review, it has been briefly discussed about the neuroprotective compounds isolated from certain indigenous plants of West Bengal, India, and their mechanism of action.

Withania somnifera is a famous medicinal plant. It is popularly known as Aswagandha. This plant has been in use in Ayurveda and Unani medicine for ages. The medicinal plant has immense medicinal properties. The plant is rich in potent medicinal phytocompounds. These phytocompounds are known to have potent antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and immunomodulatory efficacies. Our immune system is the key player in n fighting back any kind of pathogeni attack on us. Withania somnifera extract and certain isolated phytocompounds from the plant are known to boost our immune system. Studies show that the mechanisms of immunomodulatory actions of the bioactive phytocompounds from Withania somnifera are by affecting the various cellular signaling pathways. These primarily involve the signaling pathways associated with the receptors present on the vital immune cells like the dendritic cells, T-cells and B-cells. Thus, some of the compounds of Withania suppress or activate certain components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Unlike synthetic adjuvants, the natural plant derived phytocompounds and their derivatives, as those from the Withania sp. are free from such risk factors. A strong immune system is the best possession to fight back invasions by microbes like bacteria and viruses like the SARS-CoV-2. Detailed and compact knowledge of the compounds from Withania sp. and their mechanism of modulating and impacting our immune system may make the ways for development of new supportive therapies against almost all different types of diseases including COVID 19.

Background: Viral infections are rising around the globe and with evolving virus types and increasing varieties of viral invasions; the human body is developing antimicrobial resistance continuously. This is making the fight of mankind against viruses weak and unsecured. On the other hand, changing lifestyle, globalization and human activities adversely affecting the environment are opening up risks for new viral predominance on human race. In this context the world has witnessed the pandemic of the human Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) recently. The disease is caused by the Coronavirus namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2). Method and Materia: Developing potential and effective vaccine is also time consuming and challenging. The huge resource of plants around us has rich source of potent antiviral compounds. Some of these molecules may serve as tremendously potent lead molecules whose slight structural modifications may give us highly bioactive antiviral derivatives of phytocompounds. Every geographical region is rich in unique plant biodiversity and hence every corner of the world with rich plant biodiversity can serve as abode for potential magical phytocompounds most of which have not been extensively explored for development of antiviral drug formulations against various viruses like the HIV, HPV etc., and the Coronavirus, also known as SARS-CoV-2 which causes the disease COVID-19. Result: Several phytocompounds from various medicinal plants have already been screened using in silico tools and some of them have yielded promising results establishing themselves as potent lead molecules for development of drugs against the highly mutating SARS-CoV-2 virus and thus these phytocompounds may be beneficial in treating COVID-19 and help human to win the life threatening battle against the deadly virus. Conclusion: The best advantage is that these phytocompounds being derived from nature in most of the cases, come with minimum or no side effects compared to that of chemically synthesized conventional bioactive compounds and are indigenously available hence are the source of cost effective drug formulations with strong therapeutic potentials.

In general, there exists a balance between the free radicals and natural antioxidants in the human body. The human body exists in thermodynamic non equilibrium and remains in a steady state. The impacts of the free radicals generated indigenously or exposed to are constantly mitigated by the indigenous antioxidants. Supplementation of antioxidants in any form helps to combat the free radicals mediated oxidative stress (OS) induced health effects including infertility. Free radicals directly damage the histo-architecture of various reproductive organs and also the cyto-morphology of sperm. Antioxidants scavenge and neutralize the free radicals contributing to the beneficial effects of antioxidants on male infertility. Supplementation of antioxidants initially adds up to the beneficial effects but antioxidants in excess acts as pro-oxidants and contribute to further damaging effects on the male reproductive system, causing male infertility. URN:NBN:sciencein.jist.2024.v12.751

: Artificial intelligence (AI) has made its own place in the present world. Almost in every field, AI is being utilized for betterment and advancement. Machine learning (ML) is a part of AI and has been applied extensively currently in various fields of science and technology including healthcare system. ML is the technique that uses AI to analyze, interpret and make decisions. : To summarize the applications of ML in various healthcare systems in order to understand the strength and loopholes of the use of ML in medical science. : The mechanisms and methods of ML approach in various medical issues have been analyzed and discussed. ML technique is being used to make decisions in medical cases, for determining the treatment regime of a particular patient, for designing and developing drugs, in personalized medicine, in designing and selecting diagnoses for any particular disease, for automated tracking of patient's recovery. Available clinical data and history are being used by ML techniques to compare, classify, select and execute results for any task being assigned. In a nutshell, ML uses earlier available information and data about the disease, the treatment protocols followed, and the results in correspondence with the clinical symptoms and pathological findings. : Several achievements using ML in the healthcare system, yielded significant novel results that have been patented. There have been several thousand patents in the field of application of ML in healthcare systems from the years 2012 to 2023. : Though, ML in healthcare comes with some risks and unknown possibilities yet, restricted and monitored application of ML in healthcare may hasten the healthcare system, save time, help to make efficient decisions in non-invasive ways, and may open up new possibilities in the healthcare system.