An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a noninvasive study used for the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias (CAs). The identification of a cardiac arrhythmia depends on its classification. This classification has been approached through different strategies, both mathematical and computational. In this work, a new computational model based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed for the classification of five classes of CAs obtained from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Dataset (MITDB). The goal of the PSO is to optimize the hyperparameters that define the layered architecture of a CNN, to increase the accuracy and decrease the categorical cross-entropy (CE) error. The proposed model found a satisfactory layered architecture in 17.68 hours, obtaining an Accuracy of 98% and 97%, a CE of 0.044968 and 0.084768, in training and testing, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed model is reliable and also represents an innovative approach because it allows dispensing with the manual selection of the hyperparameters of the layered architecture of a CNN.

The development of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (QUAVs) is a growing field due to their wide range of applications. QUAVs are complex nonlinear systems with a chaotic nature that require a controller with extended dynamics. PD and PID controllers can be successfully applied when the parameters are accurate. However, this parameterization process is complicated and time-consuming; most of the time, parameters are chosen by trial and error without guaranteeing good performance. The originality of this work is to present a novel nonlinear mathematical model with aerodynamic moments and forces in the Newton–Euler formulation, and identify metaheuristic algorithms applied to parameter optimization of compensated PD and PID controls for tracking the trajectories of a QUAV. Eight metaheuristic algorithms (PSO, GWO, HGS, LSHADE, LSPACMA, MPA, SMA and WOA) are reported, and RMSE is used to measure each dynamic performance of the simulations. For the PD control, the best performance is obtained with the HGS algorithm with an RMSE = 0.037247252379126. For the PID control, the best performance is obtained with the HGS algorithm with an RMSE = 0.032594309723623. Trajectory tracking was successful for the QUAV by minimizing the error between the desired and actual dynamics.