Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), which can currently work well on Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), cannot be produced efficiently. This is due to its high cost and properties such as high oxygen diffusion, presence of toxic sulphides, and a potential translucent substrate. Alternatively, clay mixed with activated Carbon will be used to produce PEM. This is because the crystalline clay content has characteristics that are useful in the manufacture of PEM. To produce cheap PEM, this research was conducted to produce rice husk activated Carbon (ACIRH) which was synthesized with sulfuric acid activator solution. In this case, ACIRH is activated by a two-step activation method. The two stages of the activation process were carried out by carbonizing ACIRH at a temperature of 500°C then impregnated with 2M of phosphoric acid solution with a weight ratio of 5:1 for 20 minutes resulting in an ACIRH surface area of 109.885 m²/gram. It was obtained using the method of Brunauer, Emmet, Teller (BET) with an Automated Chemisorption/Physisorption Surface Area Analyzer. ACRH pore size of 96 nm was obtained by applying the method of Density Function Theory (DFT). These results were confirmed by FESEM images showing the porous ACRH mesopore size. Meanwhile, X-Ray Diffraction Test and Rietveld Analysis showed that ACIRH contains 42.3% of Silica and 57.7% of Carbon. While the clay consists of 95.6% of Quartz (SiO₂), 1.3% of Annite (KFe₃ ²⁺AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), 1.0% of Portlandite (Ca(OH)₂), 0 9% of Brucite (Mg(OH)₂), and 1.2% of Rutile (TiO₂).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh strategi pembelajaran PODE (Predict-Observe-Discuss-Explain) menggunakan simulasi PhET terhadap keterampilan proses sains siswa SMA kelas XI. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan pretest-posttest control group design. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa tes keterampilan proses sains berjumlah 20 soal pilihan ganda yang telah divalidasi. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data, diperoleh rata-rata nilai pretest pada kelas kontrol yaitu sebesar 33 sedangkan pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 34,7. Perolehan rata-rata nilai posttest pada kelas kontrol yaitu sebesar 57 sedangkan pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 81,5. Teknik analisis data yang dilakukan yaitu dengan menggunakan teknik statistik uji-t satu pihak untuk menguji perbedaan rata-rata perolehan nilai posttest keterampilan proses sains pada kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh nilai thitung = 11,69 dan nilai ttabel = 1,699 (ά = 0,05 ; dk = 29). Hal tersebut berarti nilai thitung > ttabel sehingga hipotesis nol (H0) ditolak karena nilai thitung berada diluar daerah penerimaan H0. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif dalam penerapan strategi pembelajaran PODE (Predict-Observe-Discuss-Explain) menggunakan simulasi PhET terhadap keterampilan proses sains siswa SMA kelas XI. This research aims to determine how the effect of the PODE (Predict-Observe-Discuss-Explain) learning strategy using PhET simulation on science process skills of high school students of class XI. The method used in this research was an experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sampling technique in this research was purposive sampling. The research instrument used was a science process skills test totaling 20 multiple choice questions that had been validated. Based on the results of data processing, the average value of the pretest in the control class is 33 while the experimental class is 34,67. The average score of posttest in the control class is 57 while in the experimental class is 81,5. The data analysis technique was carried out by using the t-test statistic technique to examine the differences in the average acquisition of posttest value of science process skills in the control class and the experimental class. The calculation results obtained by the value of tcount = 11,66 and the value of ttable = 1.699 (ά = 0.05; dk = 29). This means the value of tcount> ttable so that the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected because the value of tcount is outside the reception area H0. Based on the results of the research data analysis it can be concluded that there is a positive effect in the application of the PODE (Predict-Observe-Discuss-Explain) learning strategy using PhET simulation on science process skills of high school students of class XI.

The purpose of this project was to develop the algorithms and characterise measurement errors of land surface temperature (LST). An initial investigation of the accuracy of retrieval of LST has employed synthetic radiances, produced using Lowtran7, for a series of land and atmospheric situations representative of the Australian continental climate. The synthetic data have been modelled to incorporate variation of surfaces emissivity, atmospheric temperature, water vapour profile, and the surface or boundary temperature. The study indicated that the success of the scheme depended on the validity of the modelled radiances, particularly with respect to the formulation of the radiative role of the water vapour constituent of the atmosphere. Whirls, the use of regression in deriving the coefficients for LST equation minimised the bias errors in the radiative transfer calculation that may arise from air mass dependence. However, our algorithms derived using statistical regression and synthetic atmospheres indicated good accuracy for LST measurement with and rms error of order 1°C when validated using data for an instrumented field site.

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui perbedaan kemampuan berpikir analitis peserta didik dengan penerapan model pembelajaran Means Ends Analysis berbantuan video dengan tanpa video pembelajaran pada materi gelombang bunyi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimen dengan desain penelitian nonequivalent control group design. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh peserta didik kelas XI MIPA SMA Negeri 44 Jakarta. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan terpilih kelas XI MIPA 1 sebagai kelas eksperimen 1 dan XI MIPA 3 sebagai eksperimen 2. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode tes. Teknik analisa data pada penelitian ini menggunakan uji t-gain. Nilai t-gain yang didapat dari penelitian ini sebesar 2,360. Rata-rata nilai pretest pada kelas eksperimen 1 diperoleh 35,028 sedangkan pada kelas eksperimen 2 sebesar 35,833. Setelah dilakukan proses pembelajaran menggunakan model pembelajaran Means Ends Analysis (MEA) berbantuan video pembelajaran pada kelas eksperimen 1 diperoleh rata-rata nilai posttest sebesar 78,417, sedangkan pada kelas eksperimen 2 dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Means Ends Analysis tanpa video pembelajaran diperoleh rata-rata nilai posttest sebesar 73,750. Rata-rata nilai N-gain pada kelas eksperimen 1 sebesar 0,667 dan pada kelas eksperimen 2 sebesar 0,597. Uji effect size yang didapat dari penelitian ini dengan menggunakan rumus Cohen’s d sebesar 0,369. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbandingan model pembelajaran Means Ends Analysis berbantuan video dengan tanpa video pembelajaran terhadap kemampuan berpikir analitis peserta didik. Research has been conducted to determine differences in students' analytical thinking skills with the application of the Means Ends Analysis learning model with video assistance without learning videos on sound wave material. This research is a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group design. The population in this study were all students of class XI MIPA SMA Negeri 44 Jakarta. Sampling in this study used purposive sampling technique and selected class XI MIPA 1 as experimental class 1 and XI MIPA 3 as experiment 2. Data collection techniques used test methods. Data analysis techniques in this study used the t-gain test. The t-gain value obtained from this study was 2.360. The average pretest score in the experimental class 1 was 35,028 while in the experimental class 2 it was 35,833. After the learning process is carried out using the Means Ends Analysis (MEA) learning model assisted by learning videos in experimental class 1, the average posttest score is 78,417, while in experimental class 2 using the Means Ends Analysis learning model without learning video the average posttest score is 73,750. The average N-gain value in the experimental class 1 is 0.667 and in the experimental class 2 is 0.597. Test the size of the effect obtained from this study using the Cohen's d formula of 0.369. Then it can be concluded that there is a comparison of the Means Ends Analysis learning model video assisted with no learning video on the students' analytical thinking skills.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran berbasis mobile learning pada materi gelombang berjalan dan gelombang stasioner yang layak dalam pembelajaran di SMA. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Research and Development dengan menggunakan model penelitian ADDIE. Langkah-langkah pengembangan ADDIE adalah analyze, design, develop, implementation dan evaluate. Media yang dihasilkan berupa aplikasi dapat digunakan pada perangkat Android dengan nama “Dynary Waves”. Aplikasi ini terdiri dari 4 pilihan menu utama, yaitu kompetensi, peta konsep, materi, dan kuis. Pada aplikasi ini dilengkapi juga dengan GAMBAR, grafik, animasi, simulasi dan video. Hasil validasi produk oleh ahli materi memiliki persentase 87.11%, ahli media 76.25%, serta hasil uji coba produk oleh guru fisika SMA sebesar 91.91% dan oleh siswa sebesar 85.40% yang termasuk dalam interpretasi layak. Sehingga aplikasi Dynary Waves pada materi gelombang berjalan dan gelombang stasioner layak dalam pembelajaran fisika di SMA. The purposed of this research is to developing a worthy instructional media based on mobile learning in dynamic wave and stationary wave for high school students. The research method used is research and development with ADDIE models. The developing steps of ADDIE’s are analyze, design, develop, implementation, and evaluate. The product is an application that can be downloaded free on android phone titled “Dynary Waves”. This application contains 4 main menus, are competition, concept map, content, and quiz. In this app contains of picture, graphic, animation, simulation, and video. The results of product validated by subject content experts has a percentage of 87,11%, media experts 76.25%, and the results of product trials by high school physics teachers are 91.91% and by students 85.40% which are included in the worth interpretation. So that the Dynary Waves application in content of travelling and stationary deserves to be used in high school.

Abstrak Telah dilakukan studi penelitian terkait karakteristik bioavtur berbahan dasar getah pinus dengan menggunakan metode hidrogenasi. Pada penelitian ini, proses hidrogenasi dilakukan didalam reaktor batch dengan menginteraksikan secara langsung gas hydrogen dengan minyak terpentin pada suhu 200 0C dengan tekanan hydrogen 10 bar selama 1 jam. Produk yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisa titik beku yang dihasilkan. Selain itu, dilakukan pula analisa GC-MS untuk mengetahui komposisi senyawa hidrokarbon yang terkandung didalamnya. Hasil analisa tersebut kemudian dibandingkan dengan spesifikasi standard internasional avtur (ASTM International) untuk mengetahui karakteristik produk yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan pengukuran yang telah dilakukan, diketahui bahwa titik beku produk hidrogenasi yang terukur yaitu lebih rendah dari -69 0C. Dimana, nilai ini telah memenuhi standard spesifikasi bahan bakar avtur yang dipersyaratkan yakni mempunyai titik beku maksimal pada suhu -47 0C. Kata-kata kunci : Minyak Terpentin, Hydrogenasi, Titik Beku, Getah Pinus. Abstract Research studies related to the characteristics of bioavtur made from pine resin was investigated by using hydrogenation method. In this study, the hydrogenation process is carried out in a batch reactor using hydrogen gas direct encounters with turpentine oil at a temperature of 200 0C and a initial hydrogen pressure of 10 bar for 1 hour. Then, product obtained will be tested to specification (freezing point) based on the international standard. Moreover, also conducted GC-MS analysis to determine the composition of hydrocarbons contained in the product. The analysis results are then compared to international standards of aviation fuel specifications (ASTM International) to determine the characteristics of the resulting product. Based on the measurements that have been done, it is known that the freezing point of the hydrogenation product is measured at less than -69 0C. Where, this value has to meet the standard specifications of the required aviation fuel which has a maximum freezing point at a temperature of -47 0C. Kata-kata kunci : Turpentine Oil, Hydrogenation, Freezing Point, Pine Resin.