Anthracnose, caused by Elsinoe ampelina, is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevines worldwide, especially in humid areas. E. ampelina mainly infects young tissues starting from shoots to berries and affects vine vigour and berry yield. The occurrence and the role of the sexual stage in the disease cycle and the grapevine–E. ampelina interaction remain poorly understood. However, the recent genome sequence data of E. ampelina provides the basis for further studies to understand its evolution, pathogenicity mechanisms, and effector repertoire. New studies on E. ampelina have been conducted in recent years. In this pathogen profile, we present a comprehensive literature review of E. ampelina to summarize the findings on its aetiology, infection mechanisms, genome, pathogenicity, and host resistance.Taxonomy: Elsinoe ampelina Shear; Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Dothideomycetes; Subclass Dothideomycetidae; Order Myriangiales Starbäck; Family Elsinoaceae Höhnel; Genus Elsinoe Racib.Host range: E. ampelina only infects Vitis species and hybrids.Distribution: The grapevine anthracnose is distributed worldwide but is most prevalent in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, USA, and Uruguay.Disease symptoms: E. ampelina causes slightly abundant depressed spots on young leaves, petioles, stems, tendrils, rachises, and berries. Under severe infection conditions, early defoliation, berry dropping, and delayed berry development and ripening may occur.Genome: The genomes of two E. ampelina isolates, YL‐1 and CECT 20119, are publicly released with 8,057 and 10,207 predicted genes, respectively.

During March of 2015, irregular light brown spots on leaves of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) were observed in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The disease severity was estimated at around 25%. Initial disease symptoms were characterized by small spots measuring 6 to 12 mm, which enlarged and coalesced covering an extensive leaf area. Lesions showed abundant acervuli on the adaxial surface. From diseased leaves, direct isolations were performed by picking up conidia from acervuli and placing them on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Cultures were incubated at 25°C with a 12 h photoperiod for 10 days and four single spore isolates were obtained. Isolates showed similar morphological characteristics and the representative isolate MAC-01 was further investigated. Fourteen-day-old colonies grown on PDA were white with cottony aerial mycelium and abundant black globular acervuli. Conidia were clavate to fusiform, 4-septate, straight or slightly curved and measured 17.9 - 27.5 µm long × 5.1 - 6.8 µm wide (n =...