Objectives: The proposed research studied the determinants of male and female child malnutrition in Pakistan. More specifically, it observed the role of the sanitation facility and drinking water source as important determinants of malnutrition in a gender analysis. Methods: Novel data of 1010 children under three years of age from PDHS 2017–18 were used. A CIAF (Cumulative Index for Anthropometric Failure) was established to assess malnourishment in the children. Discrete-choice logistic methodology was applied in this empirical research to study the likelihood of malnourishment in children. Results: The logistic regression results depicted that factors such as a child belonging to a deprived area, the status of home wealth, and the education of the mother were common determinants of malnutrition in children. Factors such as a child having diarrhea (OR = 1.55, CI = 0.96–2.50) and the drinking water source (OR = 0.62, CI = 0.37–1.03) were separate prominent predictors of malnutrition in male children whereas the sanitation facility was the main determinant of malnutrition in female children (OR = 0.64, CI = 0.43–0.95). Conclusion: This study concludes that important links exist between the drinking water source and male child malnutrition and between sanitation facilities and female child malnutrition.

This paper uses the Difference-in-Differences method to test the impact of the promulgation of Green Credit Guidelines, a market-oriented environmental regulation, on the enterprise market expansion strategy, based on the panel data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2015. We find that the promulgation of Green Credit Guidelines significantly inhibited the market expansion strategy of high pollution enterprises. Two channels through which the Green Credit Guidelines affect the market expansion strategies of high polluters are increasing the cost of financing and promoting green R&D. Heterogeneity analysis finds that the impact of Green Credit Guidelines on the market expansion of highly polluting enterprises is more significant in non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises without equity incentive. Further analysis shows that the promulgation of Green Credit Guidelines damages the corporate image and profitability of high polluting enterprises, but it doesn’t increase the risk of high polluting enterprises. The results of this research could help relevant government departments to formulate practical environmental regulations and promote sustainable economic development.

Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this paper studies the impact of abnormal hot temperature on residents' demand for commercial health insurance. The results show that for every 1°F rise in abnormal temperature, the probability of people buying commercial health insurance increased by 6%. Furthermore, the abnormal hot temperature has a more significant impact on the commercial health insurance demand of women, residents in the South and residents in the East. Channel analysis shows that abnormal hot temperature affects the demand for commercial health insurance through two channels: increasing residents' concern about climate risk and affecting health. This paper provides evidence for actively promoting sustainable development and improving the construction of medical security system.