Yield losses are experienced in corn fields due to stalk and ear rot disease. The fungicides used against the disease can not show the desired effect and the problem of resistance arises over time. For this reason, it is necessary to develop new strategies in the control against the disease. In this study, it was aim to determine the inhibitory effects of essential oils of rosemary, black cumin, cumin and sandalwood, and ginger against Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium pseudograminearum under in vitro conditions. The essential oils were applied in doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 µl mL-1. PDA medium free of essential oils was used as negative control and PDA medium containing commercial fungicide (80 g l-1 Triticonazole, 40 g l-1 Pyraclostrobin-BASF company) was used as positive control. The experiment was carried out in a randomized plot design with three replications. In addition, chemical content analysis of essential oils was determined by GC-MS method. As a result of the study, as the dose of rosemary, black cumin, sandalwood and ginger essential oils increased, their inhibitory effects against both pathogens increased, and these effects were found close to each other. While the highest inhibitory effect against F. verticillioides and F. pseudograminearum was detected in the positive control treatment of cumin essential oil, 82.1% and 78.9%, respectively, this effect was found to be 74.6% and 68.3% in 4 µl mL-1 dose, respectively. However, more detailed studies should be carried out with these essential oils under field conditions.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of nivolumab, cetuximab and gemcitabine used in the treatment of different cancer types as well as cisplatin and cyclophosphamide used in the treatment of neuroblastoma on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The effect of each chemotherapeutic on cell viability and the individual IC50 values were determined by the crystal violet method. To determine their apoptotic effects, RT-PCR and Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection technique were used. The results indicated that all the used chemotherapeutic drugs showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects and induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The IC50 values of cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, nivolumab, cetuximab, and gemcitabine were calculated as 10.91 µM, 0.54 µM, 30.26 μM 4.74 μM and 0.036 μM, respectively. After IC50 dose treatment of cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, nivolumab, cetuximab, and gemcitabine apoptotic cell rates were found as 21%, 12%, 16%, 10% and 39% respectively. It was determined that statistically significant changes in mRNA expression levels in almost all apoptosis-related genes occurred after chemotherapeutic drugs treatment. In conclusion, gemcitabine showed more antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on neuroblastoma cells than the other chemotherapeutics. It is clear that further studies that will elucidate the mechanism of action of gemcitabine may contribute to the treatment of neuroblastoma.