Purple-violet gem spinels from Tanzania and Myanmar have been investigated for their gemological, spectroscopic, chemical, and colorimetric characteristics. Samples TS and MS both had a purple hue with a pinkish or brownish secondary tone and medium–strong saturation. We identified a number of inclusions, including dolomite, phlogopite, and forsterite in Tanzanian spinel and magnesite, apatite, baddeleyite, anhydrite, pyroxene, and graphite in Myanmar spinel. Tanzanian spinels have slightly lower FWHM (full width at half maximum) values of the 406 cm⁻¹ line in the Raman spectrum and the Cr³⁺ zero phonon line in the PL spectrum compared to samples from Myanmar. Fe, Mn, Cr, V, and Zn are proved as useful discriminators to distinguish these two geographic locations. UV-Vis-NIR spectra and CIE L*a*b* parameters are compared with trace element chemistry. Both samples are colored by Fe²⁺, with minor Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, and V³⁺. Cr, V, and Fe are combined to influence the hue angle and lightless of purple spinels from Tanzania. However, due to the relatively stable content in Myanmar samples, Fe shows a minor effect on these two parameters. It is worth noting that all inclusion scene, spectral, and chemical characteristics, as well as the comparison presented in this study are of a limited number of samples from Tanzania and Myanmar.

Chinese HPHT diamonds have improved dramatically in recent years. However, this brings a challenge in identifying type IIa colorless diamonds. In this study, eleven HPHT and three natural, colorless, gem-quality IIa diamonds were analyzed using magnified observation, Raman, PL and chemical element analysis. The results show that only HPHT samples possessed kite-like inclusions and lichenoid inclusions, as verified by their complex Raman spectra (100–750 cm⁻¹). Through PL mapping, HPHT and natural IIa diamonds were distinguished by their growth environments, which were reflected by PL peaks at 503, 505, 575, 637, 693, 694 and 737 nm. The chemical components of HPHT IIa diamond carbide inclusions are mainly Fe, Co, Ni and Mn, but those of Natural IIa are mainly Fe and Ni. As a result, the chemical components can be used to distinguish a natural colorless IIa diamond from a synthetic diamond.

Fire opal is much sought after for its flame-like red-orange-yellow body-color. With consumers’ enthusiasm for fire opals, dyed fire opal has gradually entered the jewelry market, which has made an impact on consumer perception and trade. In this work, we present a combined spectroscopic (FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis) investigation and chemical analysis of four natural fire opals from Mexico and Ethiopia and four dyed samples. Ultra-depth microphotographs revealed uniform color distribution in the natural fire opal, while patches of color were observed in the dyed fire opal. The main infrared peak around 1099 cm⁻¹ indicated the hydrophane origin of all the dyed materials. The color of natural fire opals is related to the presence of Fe oxides and hydroxides (hematite, goethite) as confirmed by the Raman spectra, the first derivative of the UV-Vis spectral curves, and the relatively high Fe content by chemical analysis. By contrast, dyeing opals created several Raman peaks produced by external materials, and an extremely low Fe content was detected. The first derivative of the UV-Vis spectral curves can aid in detecting the use of a dyeing treatment in red and yellow opal.