The Bio-C Sealer is a recently developed high-plasticity, calcium-silicate-based, ready-to-use material. In the present study, chemical elements of the materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biocompatibility of the Bio-C Sealer was investigated using cytotoxicity tests and histological responses in the roots of dogs’ teeth. XRD, SEM, and FTIR produced hydrated calcium silicate in the presence of water molecules. In addition, FTIR showed the formation of calcium hydroxide and polyethylene glycol, a dispersing agent. The 1:4 dilutions of Bio-C Sealer presented weaker cytotoxicity than the Calcipex II in an in vitro system using the V-79 cell line. After 90 d, the periradicular tissue response of beagle dog roots was histologically evaluated. Absence of periradicular inflammation was reported in 17 of the 18 roots assessed with the Bio-C Sealer, whereas mature vertical periodontal ligament fibers were observed in the apical root ends filled with the Bio-C Sealer. Based on these results and previous investigations, the Bio-C Sealer is recommended as an effective root-end filling material. These results are relevant for clinicians considering the use of Bio-C Sealer for treating their patients.

Mechanical and resorbable scaffolds are in high demand for stem cell-based regenerative medicine, to treat refractory bone defects in craniofacial abnormalities and injuries. Multipotent progenitor cells, such as dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells, are prospective sources for regenerative therapies. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate that a composite gelatin sponge (α-TCP/GS) of alfa-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) mixed with gelatin scaffolds (GS), with/without DFATs, induced bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model in vivo. α-TCP/GS was prepared by mixing α-TCP and 2% GS using vacuum-heated methods. α-TCP/GS samples with/without DFATs were transplanted into the model. After 4 weeks of implantation, the samples were subjected to micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) and histological analysis. α-TCP/GS possessed adequate mechanical strength; α-TCP did not convert to hydroxyapatite upon contact with water, as determined by X-ray diffraction. Moreover, stable α-TCP/GS was formed by electrostatic interactions, and verified based on the infrared peak shifts. μ-CT analyses showed that bone formation was higher in the α-TCP/GS+ DFAT group than in the α-TCP/GS group. Therefore, the implantation of α-TCP/GS comprising DFAT cells enhanced bone regeneration and vascularization, demonstrating the potential for healing critical-sized bone defects.