The optimization of all constituent conditions to obtain high and even maximum yields is a recent trend in agriculture. Legumes play a special role in this process, as they have unique characteristics with respect to storing protein and many other important components in their seeds that are useful for human and animal nutrition as well as industry and agriculture. A great advantage of legumes is the nitrogen fixation activity of their symbiotic nodule bacteria. This nitrogen self-sufficiency contributes directly to the challenging issue of feeding the world’s growing population. Molybdenum is one of the most sought-after nutrients because it provides optimal conditions for the maximum efficiency of the enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation as well as other molybdenum-containing enzymes in the host plant and symbiotic nodule bacteria. In this review, we consider the most optimal way of providing legume plants with molybdenum, its distribution in ontogeny throughout the plant, and its accumulation at the end of the growing season in the seeds. Overall, molybdenum supply improves seed quality and allows for the efficient use of the micronutrient by molybdenum-containing enzymes in the plant and subsequently the nodules at the initial stages of growth after germination. A sufficient supply of molybdenum avoids competition for this trace element between nitrogenase and nodule nitrate reductase, which enhances the supply of nitrogen to the plant. Finally, we also consider the possibility of regulating molybdenum homeostasis using modern genetic approaches.

The steady state kinetic mechanism of the H2O2-supported oxidation of different organic substrates by peroxidase from leaves of Chamaerops excelsa palm trees (CEP) has been investigated. An analysis of the initial rates vs. H2O2 and reducing substrate concentrations is consistent with a substrate-inhibited Ping-Pong Bi Bi reaction mechanism. The phenomenological approach expresses the peroxidase Ping-Pong mechanism in the form of the Michaelis–Menten equation and leads to an interpretation of the effects in terms of the kinetic parameters K(H2O2, m), K(AH2, m), k(cat), K(H2O2, SI), K(AH2, SI) and of the microscopic rate constants k1 and k3 of the shared three-step catalytic cycle of peroxidases.Funding from Consejeria de Educación (projects SA129A07 and SA052A10-2) and Consejeria\ud de Agricultura y Ganaderia (Project SA06000) of the Regional Government of Castilla and\ud León (Junta de Castilla y León, Spain) is acknowledged.Peer reviewe

The production and productivity of cereal crops, which form the foundation of global food security, are increasingly threatened by unstable water regimes and recurring droughts linked to climate change. Fortunately, a wide diversity of cereal crops is endowed with natural resilience to drought and heat stress, enabling them to survive under conditions that are critical for other plants. Understanding the key morphological, genetic, physiological, biochemical, and ecological mechanisms—and their interactions—is crucial for unraveling the processes involved in drought tolerance in these species. A comprehensive study of cereal crops, their variability, and their ability to survive and thrive under arid conditions will unlock new opportunities for breeding drought-resistant agricultural varieties. This review highlights the role of root system architecture (RSA) and gravitropic mechanisms (e.g., EGT1, DRO1), the integration of phytohormonal crosstalk, the potential of wild relatives and genome editing, and the emerging role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in enhancing drought resilience. We propose a novel synthesizing concept focused on overcoming the fundamental yield-survival trade-off by framing drought resilience through the lens of optimizing three interconnected functional modules: water budget architecture, metabolic homeostasis, and integrative signaling networks. The central advance of this framework is its systems-level perspective that redefines these well-studied components as dynamically interacting, tunable modules, providing a practical blueprint for designing crop ideotypes that break the yield-survival trade-off.

The rapid and widespread development of technology is in line with global trends of population growth and increasing demand for food. Significant breakthroughs in science have not yet fully met the needs of agriculture for increased food production and higher yields. The aim of this work is to discuss the current advancements in the application of beneficial microorganisms for crop cultivation and their integration into speed breeding technology to create optimal growing conditions and achieve the ultimate goal of developing new plant varieties. New breeding techniques, such as speed breeding—now a critical component of the breeding process—allow multiple plant generations to be produced in a much shorter time, facilitating the development of new plant varieties. By reducing the time required to obtain new generations, breeders and geneticists can optimize their efforts to obtain the required crop genotypes for both agriculture and industry. This helps to meet the demand for food, animal feed and plant raw materials for industrial use. One potential aspect of speed breeding technology is the incorporation of effective beneficial microorganisms that inhabit both the above-ground and below-ground parts of plants. These microorganisms have the potential to enhance the speed breeding method. Microorganisms can stimulate growth and development, promote overall fitness and rapid maturation, prevent disease, and impart stress resistance in speed breeding plants. Utilizing the positive effects of beneficial microorganisms offers a pathway to enhance speed breeding technology, an approach not yet explored in the literature. The controlled practical use of microorganisms under speed breeding conditions should contribute to producing programmable results. The use of beneficial microorganisms in speed breeding technology is considered an indispensable part of future precision agriculture. Drawing attention to their practical and effective utilization is an urgent task in modern research.