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This paper analyses the radiance reflectance modelling of a sea area and the case of a water column polluted with an oil emulsion in relation to various depths of the occurrence of an oil-in-water emulsion in all azimuth and zenith angles. For the radiance reflectance modelling, the simulation of large numbers of solar photons in water was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. For the simulations, the optical properties of seawater for the open sea typical of the southern Baltic Sea were used and Petrobaltic-type crude oil (extracted in the Baltic Sea) was added. Oil pollution in the sea was considered for oil droplet concentrations of 10 ppm, which were optically represented by spectral waveforms of absorption and scattering coefficients, as well as by angular light scattering distribution determined using the Mie theory. The results of the radiance reflectance modelling in the whole spectrum of both angles, azimuth and zenith, allowed us to select 555 nm as the optimal wavelength for oil emulsion detection. Moreover, the parameter contrast was defined and determined using radiance reflectance results for eight light wavelengths in the range of 412-676 nm. The contrast is discussed in relation to the various thicknesses of polluted water layers. Changes in contrast for a thickness layer 5 m under the sea surface were noted, whereas for thicker layers the contrast remained unchanged.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. Modelling the Visibility of Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1917 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba, Jacek Piskozub. Modelling the Visibility of Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (10):1917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. 2021. "Modelling the Visibility of Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10: 1917.
This paper analyzes the digital modelling of radiance reflectance of the sea surface when the water column is polluted by oil-in-water emulsion. A method tracking the fate of two billion virtual solar photons was applied to obtain the angular distribution of bottom-up radiance for a plane of sunlight striking the sea surface. For the calculations, the inherent optical properties of seawater characteristic for the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) were used. The analyses were performed for two types of oils with extremely different optical properties for an oil concentration of 10 ppm and for a roughened sea surface with a wind speed of 2 m/s. The spectral index for oil detection in seawater for different viewing angles was determined based on the results obtained for reflectance at eight wavelengths in the range of 412–676 nm for viewing angle in the range from 80° to 0°, both on the side of incidence of direct sunlight and on the opposite side. The resulting calculated spectral indexes for different wavelength combinations indicated significant dependence on the viewing angle.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. Modelling a Spectral Index to Detect Dispersed Oil in a Seawater Column Depending on the Viewing Angle: Gulf of Gdańsk Case Study. Sensors 2020, 20, 5352 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba, Jacek Piskozub. Modelling a Spectral Index to Detect Dispersed Oil in a Seawater Column Depending on the Viewing Angle: Gulf of Gdańsk Case Study. Sensors. 2020; 20 (18):5352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. 2020. "Modelling a Spectral Index to Detect Dispersed Oil in a Seawater Column Depending on the Viewing Angle: Gulf of Gdańsk Case Study." Sensors 20, no. 18: 5352.
Petroleum and its related products pose a serious pollution risk to the world’s seas and require a simple, rapid detection method. This is a difficult task if the pollution is under the water surface. One common approach to oil detection is excitation-emission spectroscopy (EEMs) of seawater exposed to oil for analyzing the fluorometric index (FIo/w) as a potential indicator of oil presence in the marine environment. In this paper, FIo/w was determined for both natural seawater and samples of the same water, but exposed to a relatively small portion of oil. The water samples were collected from the coastal and port waters of the Gdynia region (Southern Baltic Sea) from five stations, four times at two-week intervals. FIo/w indicates the changes between seawater sampled from the marine environment and the same seawater polluted with oil substances. Moreover, the obtained FIo/w values do not depend on the point and time of sampling. In all cases of seawater exposed to oil, significantly higher FIo/w values were observed than for unpolluted seawater. Moreover, the detection of oil by analyzing the value of FIo/w is efficient if the oil-to-water weight ratio is close to or above 5 × 10−6.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Seawater Fluorescence Near Oil Occurrence. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Seawater Fluorescence Near Oil Occurrence. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2020. "Seawater Fluorescence Near Oil Occurrence." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 1.
This paper presents a model of upwelling radiation above the seawater surface in the event of a threat of dispersed oil. The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate a large number of solar photons in the water, eventually obtaining values of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Analyses were performed for the optical properties of seawater characteristic for the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). The case of seawater contaminated by dispersed oil at a concentration of 10 ppm was also discussed for different wind speeds. Two types of oils with extremely different optical properties (refraction and absorption coefficients) were taken into account for consideration. The optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients and angular light scattering distribution) of the oil-in-water dispersion system were determined using the Mie theory. The spectral index for oil detection in seawater for different wind conditions was determined based on the results obtained for reflectance at selected wavelengths in the range 412–676 nm. The determined spectral index for seawater free of oil achieves higher values for seawater contaminated by oil. The analysis of the values of the spectral indices calculated for 28 combinations of wavelengths was used to identify the most universal spectral index of Rrs for 555 nm/440 nm for dispersed oil detection using any optical parameters.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea. Sensors 2020, 20, 863 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba, Jacek Piskozub. Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea. Sensors. 2020; 20 (3):863.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba; Jacek Piskozub. 2020. "Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea." Sensors 20, no. 3: 863.
Aneta Ocieczek; Zbigniew Otremba. Effect of a magnetic field on water desorption from the surface of potato starch. Acta Agrophysica 2019, 26, 43 -55.
AMA StyleAneta Ocieczek, Zbigniew Otremba. Effect of a magnetic field on water desorption from the surface of potato starch. Acta Agrophysica. 2019; 26 (3):43-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAneta Ocieczek; Zbigniew Otremba. 2019. "Effect of a magnetic field on water desorption from the surface of potato starch." Acta Agrophysica 26, no. 3: 43-55.
The possible effects of disruptions in the geomagnetic field caused by different man-made constructions have been increasing considerably in recent years. These include, among others, the development of wind farms located in the sea and increased numbers of underwater cables. The objective of this study was to determine whether a magnetic field (MF) of 10 mT or a 50 Hz electromagnetic field (EMF) of 1 mT affected the developmental instability of the inner ear organ, which is responsible in fish for hearing and balance, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in a laboratory for 37 days (13 days in egg stage and 24 days in larval stage). This was done by analyzing the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of otolith size. The MF and EMF values applied in this study are those recorded in the vicinities of underwater alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) cables, respectively. The influence of MF on otolith FA was found to be statistically significant, with the highest significance occurring in the group of youngest larvae of 5 dph (compared to larvae 15 and 23 dph). Otolith FA was also higher in larvae exposed to the EMF compared to control conditions, but the differences were not statistically significant. Thus, we can conclude that underwater constructions and cables which emit a MF of 10 mT or higher can affect living organisms that are within a distance of a few meters, especially those (as in the case of trout) in settled life stages.
D.P. Fey; M. Greszkiewicz; M. Jakubowska; A.M. Lejk; Z. Otremba; E. Andrulewicz; B. Urban-Malinga. Otolith fluctuating asymmetry in larval trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, as an indication of organism bilateral instability affected by static and alternating magnetic fields. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 707, 135489 .
AMA StyleD.P. Fey, M. Greszkiewicz, M. Jakubowska, A.M. Lejk, Z. Otremba, E. Andrulewicz, B. Urban-Malinga. Otolith fluctuating asymmetry in larval trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, as an indication of organism bilateral instability affected by static and alternating magnetic fields. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 707 ():135489.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.P. Fey; M. Greszkiewicz; M. Jakubowska; A.M. Lejk; Z. Otremba; E. Andrulewicz; B. Urban-Malinga. 2019. "Otolith fluctuating asymmetry in larval trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, as an indication of organism bilateral instability affected by static and alternating magnetic fields." Science of The Total Environment 707, no. : 135489.
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of an electromagnetic field (EMF) of value typically recorded in the vicinity of submarine cables (50 Hz, 1 mT) on the behavior and bioenergetics of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. No avoidance or attraction behavior to EMF was shown, but the burrowing activity of H. diversicolor was enhanced in EMF treatment, indicating a stimulating effect on bioturbation potential. The polychaete maintained a positive energy balance and high amount (85% of assimilated energy) of energy available for individual production (scope for growth) after exposure to EMF. Food consumption and respiration rates were not affected but ammonia excretion rate was significantly reduced in EMF-exposed animals compared to the control conditions (geomagnetic field). The mechanisms behind this effect remain, however, unclear. This is the first study demonstrating the effects of environmentally realistic EMF value on the behavior and physiology of marine invertebrates, thus there is a need for more research.
Magdalena Jakubowska; Barbara Urban-Malinga; Zbigniew Otremba; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. Effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on the behavior and bioenergetics of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. Marine Environmental Research 2019, 150, 104766 .
AMA StyleMagdalena Jakubowska, Barbara Urban-Malinga, Zbigniew Otremba, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. Effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on the behavior and bioenergetics of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. Marine Environmental Research. 2019; 150 ():104766.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Jakubowska; Barbara Urban-Malinga; Zbigniew Otremba; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. 2019. "Effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on the behavior and bioenergetics of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor." Marine Environmental Research 150, no. : 104766.
This study analyzed the fluorometric laboratory tests for the detection of the presence of oil in seawater in cases corresponding to the real situation in the sea: when the point of seawater sampling is not in the same place as the appropriate sensor. The phenomenon of fluorescence exhibited by both natural and alien substances (oil) in the sea was used. The possibility of oil detection in the water column based on a fluorometric index (FI) extracted from the excitation–emission matrix (EEM) was studied. Laboratory tests were carried out on water taken from the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea). Seawater samples were contaminated with small amounts of various types of oil (the lowest oil-to-water ratio was 0.5 × 10−6). A statistically significant difference was found between FI values for uncontaminated seawater and seawater exposed to various kinds of oil (i.e., crude oils, lubricant oils, and fuels).
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Detecting the Presence of Different Types of Oil in Seawater Using a Fluorometric Index. Sensors 2019, 19, 3774 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Detecting the Presence of Different Types of Oil in Seawater Using a Fluorometric Index. Sensors. 2019; 19 (17):3774.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2019. "Detecting the Presence of Different Types of Oil in Seawater Using a Fluorometric Index." Sensors 19, no. 17: 3774.
The operation of offshore wind turbines and electricity transmission through submarine cables over long distances generate electromagnetic or static magnetic fields (depending on the technical solution) that may modify the natural geomagnetic field and cause induced electric and electromagnetic fields in the water. The present study synthesizes the current knowledge and speculates on the possible environmental impact of electrical energy transfer based on the example of the Polish Marine Areas (southern Baltic Sea). We review the possible effects of the electrical energy induction and transfer against the existing and planned wind turbine installations. Furthermore, we consider different cable design variants as a way of environmental impact mitigation. Possible impacts of induced magnetic fields on marine organisms and, consequently, on the ecosystem functioning are also addressed.
Zbigniew Otremba; Magdalena Jakubowska; Barbara Urban-Malinga; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. Potential effects of electrical energy transmission – the case study from the Polish Marine Areas (southern Baltic Sea). Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 2019, 48, 196 -208.
AMA StyleZbigniew Otremba, Magdalena Jakubowska, Barbara Urban-Malinga, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. Potential effects of electrical energy transmission – the case study from the Polish Marine Areas (southern Baltic Sea). Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies. 2019; 48 (2):196-208.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Otremba; Magdalena Jakubowska; Barbara Urban-Malinga; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. 2019. "Potential effects of electrical energy transmission – the case study from the Polish Marine Areas (southern Baltic Sea)." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 48, no. 2: 196-208.
The number of underwater cables transferring electric current in sea and freshwater environments is constantly increasing. As a result, the risk of negative effects of magnetic fields generated in the vicinity of those cables on fish eggs and larvae is also growing. This is especially the case for species that settle on the bottom for certain periods of time during early development. To study those effects, eggs and larvae of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were subjected under experimental conditions to a static magnetic field (MF) of 10 m T and a 50 Hz electromagnetic field (EMF) of 1 m T for a period of 36 days (i.e., from eyed egg stage to approximately 26 days post hatching, dph). Neither MF nor EMF had significant effect on embryonic or larval mortality, hatching time, larval growth, or the time of larvae swim-up from the bottom. However, both MF and EMF enhanced the yolk-sac absorption rate. Although it was not related directly to magnetic field effect, it was also shown that larvae with absorbed yolk-sacs by the time of swim-up were less efficient in taking advantage of available food at first feeding (i.e., obtained smaller weight at age). That indicates the importance of processes affecting yolk-sac absorption rate.
Dariusz P. Fey; Magdalena Jakubowska; Martyna Greszkiewicz; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz; Zbigniew Otremba; Barbara Urban-Malinga. Are magnetic and electromagnetic fields of anthropogenic origin potential threats to early life stages of fish? Aquatic Toxicology 2019, 209, 150 -158.
AMA StyleDariusz P. Fey, Magdalena Jakubowska, Martyna Greszkiewicz, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz, Zbigniew Otremba, Barbara Urban-Malinga. Are magnetic and electromagnetic fields of anthropogenic origin potential threats to early life stages of fish? Aquatic Toxicology. 2019; 209 ():150-158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDariusz P. Fey; Magdalena Jakubowska; Martyna Greszkiewicz; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz; Zbigniew Otremba; Barbara Urban-Malinga. 2019. "Are magnetic and electromagnetic fields of anthropogenic origin potential threats to early life stages of fish?" Aquatic Toxicology 209, no. : 150-158.
The aim of this research was to assess genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses in aquatic animals exposed to 50 Hz 1 m T electromagnetic field (EMF). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at early stages of development were exposed to EMF for 40 days, whereas marine benthic invertebrates – the common ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the Baltic clam Limecola balthica – for 12 days. To define genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses in selected animals, assays of nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood erythrocytes of O. mykiss, coelomocytes of H. diversicolor and gill cells of L. balthica were performed. Induction of formation of micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), nuclear buds on filament cells (NBf) and cells with blebbed nuclei (BL) were assessed as genotoxicity endpoints, and 8-shaped nuclei, fragmented (Fr), apoptotic (Ap) and binucleated (BN) cells as cytotoxicity endpoints. Exposure to EMF affected all studied species but with varying degrees. The strongest responses to EMF treatment were elicited in L. balthica, in which six out of the total eight analyzed geno- and cytotoxicity endpoints were significantly elevated. Significantly induced frequencies of MN were detected in O. mykiss and H. diversicolor cells, NBf and BL only in gill cells of L. balthica, and NB in analyzed tissues of all the test species. As cytotoxicity endpoints, a significant elevation in frequencies of cells with 8-shaped nuclei was found in O. mykiss and L. balthica, while Ap and BN was observed only in L. balthica. EMF exposure did not induce any significant cytotoxic activity in H. diversicolor coelomocytes. The present study is the first to reveal the genotoxic and cytotoxic activity of 1 m T EMF in aquatic animals, and, consequently, the first one to report the adverse effect of this factor on common marine invertebrates and early life stages of fish.
Milda Stankevičiūtė; Magdalena Jakubowska; Janina Pažusienė; Tomas Makaras; Zbigniew Otremba; Barbara Urban-Malinga; Dariusz P. Fey; Martyna Greszkiewicz; Gintarė Sauliutė; Janina Baršienė; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor). Aquatic Toxicology 2019, 208, 109 -117.
AMA StyleMilda Stankevičiūtė, Magdalena Jakubowska, Janina Pažusienė, Tomas Makaras, Zbigniew Otremba, Barbara Urban-Malinga, Dariusz P. Fey, Martyna Greszkiewicz, Gintarė Sauliutė, Janina Baršienė, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor). Aquatic Toxicology. 2019; 208 ():109-117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilda Stankevičiūtė; Magdalena Jakubowska; Janina Pažusienė; Tomas Makaras; Zbigniew Otremba; Barbara Urban-Malinga; Dariusz P. Fey; Martyna Greszkiewicz; Gintarė Sauliutė; Janina Baršienė; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. 2019. "Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor)." Aquatic Toxicology 208, no. : 109-117.
The effect of anthropogenic magnetic field on water ecosystems has been constantly growing as a result of an increasing number of underwater cables transferring electric current. Northern pike were subjected to a static magnetic field (emitted by DC cables) of 10 milliteslas (mT) during the embryonic phase and in the first six days post-hatching (DPH), in the period when larvae of this species in the natural environment are attached to artificial substrate. No statistically significant effect of a magnetic field was recorded on the hatching success (87.1% in the magnetic field and 83.3% in the control) or on larvae mortality (54.5% in magnetic field and 54.3% in control). The size of larvae at hatching (9.84 mm SL in a magnetic field and 9.86 mm SL in a control) and their growth rate during the first six days of life (0.52 mm·day−1 in a magnetic field and 0.53 mm·day−1 in a control) were also almost the same – no statistically significant differences. A significant effect of a magnetic field, however, was observed on the time of hatching (one day earlier in a magnetic field than in a control), yolk-sac size on 1 DPH (smaller in a magnetic field), and yolk-sac absorption time (faster in a magnetic field). Faster yolk-sac absorption time in a magnetic field was interpreted as an indication of increased metabolic rate. Even if some negative consequences may be expected as a result of shorter time until first feeding, the actual risk for increased Northern pike larvae mortality due to those factors seems to be negligible. Although it cannot be excluded that higher than 10 mT magnetic field values are hazardous for fish larvae, such values do not occur in the natural environment (e.g. along underwater cables).
D.P. Fey; M. Greszkiewicz; Z. Otremba; E. Andrulewicz. Effect of static magnetic field on the hatching success, growth, mortality, and yolk-sac absorption of larval Northern pike Esox lucius. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 647, 1239 -1244.
AMA StyleD.P. Fey, M. Greszkiewicz, Z. Otremba, E. Andrulewicz. Effect of static magnetic field on the hatching success, growth, mortality, and yolk-sac absorption of larval Northern pike Esox lucius. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 647 ():1239-1244.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.P. Fey; M. Greszkiewicz; Z. Otremba; E. Andrulewicz. 2018. "Effect of static magnetic field on the hatching success, growth, mortality, and yolk-sac absorption of larval Northern pike Esox lucius." Science of The Total Environment 647, no. : 1239-1244.
Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) was applied to determine the fluorometric index (FI) as a parameter indicating the presence of a source of oil pollution in a specific area of the sea. Seawater from the Polish coast (the Baltic Sea) and the same water combined with various amounts of crude oil extracted from the Baltic Sea shelf (Petrobaltic-type oil) were used in this study. The FI values were calculated for excitation and emission wavelengths found at the maximal peak, taking into account the natural seawater and the seawater artificially contaminated (for an oil-to-water ratio range of 0.5 × 10−6 − 500 × 10−6). The wavelength configurations (Ex/Em) (225/355 and 225/340) for the FI index were applied. It was found that, independent of the amount of oil, the FI achieves a higher value for natural seawater than for seawater that has had contact with oil. These results provide the basis to design a sensor signaling the appearance of oil in a defined sea area.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Fluorometric Index for Sensing Oil in the Sea Environment. Sensors 2017, 17, 1276 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Fluorometric Index for Sensing Oil in the Sea Environment. Sensors. 2017; 17 (6):1276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2017. "Fluorometric Index for Sensing Oil in the Sea Environment." Sensors 17, no. 6: 1276.
Oil floating on the sea surface can be detected by both passive and active methods using the ultraviolet-to-microwave spectrum, whereas oil immersed below the sea surface can signal its presence only in visible light. This paper presents an optical model representing a selected case of the sea polluted by an oil suspension for a selected concentration (10 ppm) located in a layer of exemplary thickness (5 m) separated from the sea surface by an unpolluted layer (thickness 1 m). The impact of wavelength and state of the sea surface on reflectance changes is presented based on the results of Monte Carlo ray tracing. A two-wavelength index of reflectance is proposed to detect oil suspended in the water column (645–469 nm).
Zbigniew Otremba. Oil Droplet Clouds Suspended in the Sea: Can They Be Remotely Detected? Remote Sensing 2016, 8, 857 .
AMA StyleZbigniew Otremba. Oil Droplet Clouds Suspended in the Sea: Can They Be Remotely Detected? Remote Sensing. 2016; 8 (10):857.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Otremba. 2016. "Oil Droplet Clouds Suspended in the Sea: Can They Be Remotely Detected?" Remote Sensing 8, no. 10: 857.
This study analyses the possibility of optical detection of trace amounts of oil in natural waters. Since petroleum and its derivatives induced by ultraviolet light exhibit a high intensity of fluorescence, this phenomenon can be used to detect petroleum products penetrating both the surface and subsurface waters. The challenge is to discriminate the fluorescence signal originating from petroleum substances from the total signal originating from both petroleum products and the natural substances. Issues connected with fluorescence methods of detection of oil substances diffused in aquatic environment are analysed. Based on fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorometric indices of petroleum products for two forms (dissolved in n-hexane and dispersed in water) are discussed. The excitationemission spectra (EEMs) were determined in the range of excitation wavelengths 240-450 nm and 270-600 nm for emission. Selected parameters of oil fingerprinting are discussed: similarity ratio, intensity ratio and wavelength-independent fluorescence peaks (Ex max/Em max). The latter was compared with the typical fluorescing natural marine residues. The results indicate that Ex max/Em max and intensity ratio appear to be efficient indices for the discrimination of oil pollution from autochthonous seawater fluorescent substances.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Fluorometry in application to fingerprint of petroleum products present in the natural waters. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2016, 12, 16 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Fluorometry in application to fingerprint of petroleum products present in the natural waters. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2016; 12 (1):16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2016. "Fluorometry in application to fingerprint of petroleum products present in the natural waters." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 12, no. 1: 16.
The optical behaviour of seawater exposed to a residual amount of oil pollution is presented and a comparison of the fluorescence spectra of oil dissolved in both n-hexane and seawater is discussed based on excitation-emission spectra.Crude oil extracted from the southern part of the Baltic Sea was used to characterise petroleum properties after contact with seawater. The wavelength-independent fluorescence maximum for natural seawater and seawater artificially polluted with oil were determined. Moreover, the specific excitation-emission peaks for natural seawater and polluted water were analysed to identify the natural organic matter composition. It was found that fluorescence spectra identification is a promising method to detect even an extremely low concentration of petroleum residues directly in the seawater. In addition, alien substances disturbing the fluorescence signatures of natural organic substances in a marine environment is also discussed.
Emilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. Modification of optical properties of seawater exposed to oil contaminants based on excitation-emission spectra. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2015, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleEmilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba. Modification of optical properties of seawater exposed to oil contaminants based on excitation-emission spectra. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2015; 10 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Baszanowska; Zbigniew Otremba. 2015. "Modification of optical properties of seawater exposed to oil contaminants based on excitation-emission spectra." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 10, no. : 1.
The article discusses an important issue of technical pressure exerted on the marine environment during construction and operation of maritime wind farms (MFW) on waters of the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone. A motivation for analysing this issue is the need for attracting attention to the aspect of physical field modification as the factor which links large scale technical activity at sea with the existence and functioning of the marine ecosystem, including further consequences to its economic benefits. Based on current knowledge and authors' analyses, the scale of modifications (disturbances) of physical fields expected to take place during MFW construction and operation was assessed.
Zbigniew Otremba; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. Physical Fields During Construction and Operation of Wind Farms by Example of Polish Maritime Areas. Polish Maritime Research 2015, 21, 113 -122.
AMA StyleZbigniew Otremba, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. Physical Fields During Construction and Operation of Wind Farms by Example of Polish Maritime Areas. Polish Maritime Research. 2015; 21 (4):113-122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Otremba; Eugeniusz Andrulewicz. 2015. "Physical Fields During Construction and Operation of Wind Farms by Example of Polish Maritime Areas." Polish Maritime Research 21, no. 4: 113-122.
To protect the natural marine ecosystem, it is necessary to continuously enhance knowledge of environmental contamination, including oil pollution. Therefore, to properly track the qualitative and quantitative changes in the natural components of seawater, a description of the essential spectral features describing petroleum products is necessary.This study characterises two optically-different types of crude oils (Petrobaltic and Romashkino) – substances belonging to multi-fluorophoric systems. To obtain the spectral features of crude oils, the excitation-emission spectroscopy technique was applied. The fluorescence and light absorption properties for various concentrations of oils at a stabilised temperature are described. Both excitation-emission spectra (EEMs) and absorption spectra of crude oils are discussed. Based on the EEM spectra, both excitation end emission peaks for the wavelengthindependent fluorescence maximum (Exmax/ Emmax) – characteristic points for each type of oil – were identified and compared with the literature data concerning typical marine chemical structures.
E. Baszanowska; Z. Otremba. Spectral signatures of fluorescence and light absorption to identify crude oils found in the marine environment. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2014, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleE. Baszanowska, Z. Otremba. Spectral signatures of fluorescence and light absorption to identify crude oils found in the marine environment. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2014; 9 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Baszanowska; Z. Otremba. 2014. "Spectral signatures of fluorescence and light absorption to identify crude oils found in the marine environment." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 9, no. : 1.
Oil poses a major threat to marine ecosystems. This work describes a set of studies focused on introducing an efficient method for the identification of oil in the form of oil emulsions through fluorescence spectra analyses. Hence the concept of classification of oil pollution in seawater based on fluorescence spectroscopy using a high sensitive fluorimeter [1] suitable for laboratory and in situ measurements is introduced. We consider that this approach, in the future, will make it possible to collect specific fluorescence information allowing us to build a base of the oil standards. Here we examined excitation-emission fluorescence spectra (EEMs) of water containing oil-in-water emulsion prepared artificially under laboratory conditions. Water polluted with oil-in-water emulsion was studied with the objective to estimate differences in three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. Studies included various types of oils and oil concentrations. Essential differences in fluorescence spectra for various oils are indicated.
E. Baszanowska; O. Zielinski; Z. Otremba; H. Toczek. Influence of oil-in-water emulsions on fluorescence properties as observed by excitation-emission spectra. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2013, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleE. Baszanowska, O. Zielinski, Z. Otremba, H. Toczek. Influence of oil-in-water emulsions on fluorescence properties as observed by excitation-emission spectra. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2013; 8 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Baszanowska; O. Zielinski; Z. Otremba; H. Toczek. 2013. "Influence of oil-in-water emulsions on fluorescence properties as observed by excitation-emission spectra." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 8, no. : 1.
The radiance field in oil-polluted seawater determined at various depths for the central band of the light spectrum (547 nm) is considered. In the aquatic model, a flat sea surface, a cloud-free sky and selected inherent optical properties (IOPs) of natural seawater and oil-in-water emulsion are taken into account. The representative results of Monte Carlo photon trace simulations are presented for the directional radiance distribution (L), the directional distribution of the radiance reflectance (R_L) and the intensity of downward and upward irradiance (E). © The Authors. All rights reserved. [DOI: 10.2971/jeos.2013.13067]
Z. A. Otremba. Modeling of the light transfer in a water column polluted with oil suspension. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2013, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleZ. A. Otremba. Modeling of the light transfer in a water column polluted with oil suspension. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications. 2013; 8 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZ. A. Otremba. 2013. "Modeling of the light transfer in a water column polluted with oil suspension." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 8, no. : 1.