The regulation of river flow in the Volga basin has caused irreversible changes to aquatic ecosystems. The transformation of the Volga into a cascade of hydraulic structures with a non-flow regime has resulted in a decrease in depth and flow, and an increase in the temperature and concentration of chemical elements, which has induced the process of eutrophication. The change in the species diversity of aquatic organisms under conditions of intense eutrophication was studied on models of water bodies from the Volga basin; the Kostroma section of the Gorky reservoir (Kostroma spill and the middle river section), and lakes Galichskoe and Chukhlomskoe were studied. Rheophilic biocenosis was replaced by a limnophilic one, the migration paths of fish were disrupted, and population characteristics were changed. In accordance with environmental conditions, the level of primary production and the calculated Carlson trophic index (TSI) and Broth-proposed index (ITS) (1987), the water bodies of the northern part of the upper Volga region are classified as follows: the middle river section of the Gorky reservoir is mesotrophic-eutrophic (TSI = 55.2, ITS = 16.2); the Kostroma spill is eutrophic with a tendency to hypertrophy (TSI = 67.4, ITS = 6.8); Lake Galichskoe is eutrophic with a tendency to dystrophy (TSI = 63.2, ITS = 8.4), and Lake Chukhlomskoe is hypertrophic with a tendency to dystrophy (TSI = 77.4, ITS = 8.0). In addition, frequent fluctuations in water level, reaching 1 m, have had an adverse effect on inhabitants of the littoral zone including the spawning fish, which may lead to disappearance of some of the region’s most sensitive species.

The article presents the results of the analysis of quality and safety indicators in the production of halal meat products using the example of beef. A fairly large-scale production of Halal meat has been organized in our country. Despite the 5-10% price increase, these products are in great demand not only among Muslims, but also among consumers who prefer high-quality and environmentally friendly products. Beef is characterized by a high protein content (in particular, myosin and myoglobin). Beef meat contains B vitamins, vitamin B12 is especially important, which the body receives only from animal food. Beef is a supplier of high quality protein essential for building cells, especially muscle cells. Balanced composition of amino acids, which includes arginine and glutamine. In the course of the research, the authors analyzed the veterinary and sanitary characteristics of the production of halal meat products and carried out its veterinary and sanitary assessment. The beef samples were examined by us for compliance with the requirements of TR CU 021/2011 "On food safety" and TR CU 034/2013 "On the safety of meat and meat products" in terms of microbiological and physical and chemical safety. Based on the results of the analysis of the content of toxic elements, physicochemical and microbiological studies, it was concluded that the indicators of both samples meet the requirements of regulatory documents, do not contain toxic elements and are safe. Organoleptic studies showed that both samples under study are of excellent quality category and appearance, however, the consistency of sample 1 is denser and more elastic, the smell and taste of both samples is characteristic of this type of meat, however, the broth obtained from sample 1 is more aromatic and has a bright, rich meat taste. In this connection, according to the results of the study, the authors concluded that sample 1 ("halal beef") has higher quality indicators than sample 2 (beef obtained in the classical way).

Корреляционный анализ уровня биологических рисков

The results of the development of a curd functional product with vegetable filler Melissa officinalis L. are presented. An analysis of the health status of the population carried out in recent years by the World Health Organization shows that the world community is facing acute questions related to the need to prevent the so-called “diseases of civilization”, which include diseases of the cardiovascular system, oncology, diseases associated with impaired lipid metabolism and the gastrointestinal tract, al ergii, decreased immunity, disorders of the nervous system. According to experts, many of these diseases leading to death, disability or disability have a steady upward trend. Up to 44% of the population of our country suffer from cardiovascular diseases (as of December 2019), while more than 82% have functional disorders leading to them. Malignant neoplasms and precancerous conditions are observed in 39% of the adult population, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are found in more than 48% of the working population of the country. The solution to these problems may be the development of functional food products.

In the etiology of mastitis, pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and a number of others are of paramount importance. Frequent unjustified use of antibacterial drugs without prior determination of effectiveness against microorganisms in a particular farm led to the formation of resistant isolates. The aim of the research was to study the sensitivity of bacterial strains isolated from cows with mastitis to the antibacterial drugs MASTIBLOCK® DC 49, MASTICAN-P and MASTIGARD. The research was carried out in a large dairy complex in the Central district of the Russian Federation. The experimental groups included cows with clinical signs (No. 1) and subclinical form (No. 2) of mastitis with positive results of studies using the KENOTEST reagent. Antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolates isolated from milk was determined by the cylinder method. In cows with a subclinical and clinically pronounced form of mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, Bacillus spp. (β-hemolytic isolates) were isolated during bacteriological examination. The maximum effectiveness of MASTIBLOCK® DC 49 has been established in the subclinical serous-catarrhal form of mastitis, mainly against Grampositive bacteria. MASTIGARD has a wider range of antimicrobial effects, including on strains producing β-lactamase and inhibiting the action of penicillin antibiotics. The results obtained allow us to recommend the use of the complex antibiotic MASTIBLOCK® DC 49 not only during the dry season, but also during lactation to stop bacterial infection of the breast in cows, while observing the appropriate technology of milking and milk processing.

Currently, cultural and molecular genetic research methods make it possible to obtain important data on the phenotype of virulent strains to assess their etiological significance in the development of the pathological process. Virulence factors of microorganisms provide specific interaction of the pathogen with periodontal cells, help evade or protect themselves from the immune reactions of the macroorganism and have a direct damaging effect on the structural integrity and functions of host cells. The study of these biological properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia makes it possible to predict the likelihood of developing diseases and assess the risks of complications during the manifestation of the inflammatory process in periodontal tissue. At the same time, the high variability of virulence properties, the dependence of their synthesis in vivo on other phenotypic properties of the pathogen and the presence of other microorganisms make determining the etiological significance of various virulence factors of periodontopathogens not a simple medical task. The virulent properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia are characterized not only by species specificity, but also by a wide range of secreted metabolic products, the damaging effect of which is directed selectively to periodontal tissue. This review makes an attempt to group the virulent properties of Porphyromonas and Forsythia according to their ability to participate in the pathogenesis of the pathological process in periodontal tissue from colonization to disruption of homeostasis, characterizing the multifunctionality of virulence factors. Identification of the most important and key virulent properties of periodontal pathogens can be used to create new approaches in the development of algorithms for etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of periodontal diseases.