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Prof. Sanna Syri
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland

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0 District Heating
0 Electricity Markets
0 Energy Markets
0 Energy and climate policy
0 Large-scale energy systems

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District Heating
Energy and climate policy
Energy Markets
Climate change mitigation in energy systems
Electricity Markets

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Journal article
Published: 03 July 2021 in Energy
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Energy systems are in a state of transition due to national energy and climate policies. The Finnish Government has declared a national target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2035. This will require further reductions in carbon intensity of the Finnish energy generation mix. Some of the energy related emission reductions could simultaneously be achieved through effective energy efficiency measures in the buildings sector. In this paper, the effectiveness of these measures is studied in alternative long-term energy system scenarios with varying CO2 reduction targets for the energy supply sector until 2050. The results show that initial carbon intensity of energy mix has a significant effect on the achievable CO2 emission reductions of demand-side measures. Moreover, assigned system boundaries can significantly affect the results, especially in a low-carbon energy system, where energy savings mostly reduce the use of wood-based biomass in the energy production. Furthermore, long-term perspective for identifying the environmental effects of an energy efficiency measure is recommended, since they often have a long economic lifetime and due to structural changes in the energy system, the marginal energy production unit changes over its lifetime. Consequently, the CO2 emission reduction potential of an energy efficiency measure can vary over its lifetime.

ACS Style

Ville Olkkonen; Janne Hirvonen; Juhani Heljo; Sanna Syri. Effectiveness of building stock sustainability measures in a low-carbon energy system: A scenario analysis for Finland until 2050. Energy 2021, 235, 121399 .

AMA Style

Ville Olkkonen, Janne Hirvonen, Juhani Heljo, Sanna Syri. Effectiveness of building stock sustainability measures in a low-carbon energy system: A scenario analysis for Finland until 2050. Energy. 2021; 235 ():121399.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ville Olkkonen; Janne Hirvonen; Juhani Heljo; Sanna Syri. 2021. "Effectiveness of building stock sustainability measures in a low-carbon energy system: A scenario analysis for Finland until 2050." Energy 235, no. : 121399.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Energy
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Espoo has set a goal to abandon the use of coal in its district heating system by the year 2025. The local district heating operator is producing a major share of Espoo's heat demand with combined heat and power units, but a large share of that thermal capacity will be closed by 2025. The plan is to replace the closed down capacity with renewable fuels, heat pumps and waste heat utilisation. The goal of this paper is to simulate the impacts of these emission reductive acts on the production costs and CO2 emissions of the system. The possibility of utilising waste heat from data centres in the district heating system is evaluated. The results show that abandoning coal in the city's heating system leads to a significant reduction of CO2 emissions with a small increase of annual production costs. Waste heat enables emission reductions even further, and the increase of production costs can be prevented.

ACS Style

Pauli Hiltunen; Sanna Syri. Low-temperature waste heat enabling abandoning coal in Espoo district heating system. Energy 2021, 231, 120916 .

AMA Style

Pauli Hiltunen, Sanna Syri. Low-temperature waste heat enabling abandoning coal in Espoo district heating system. Energy. 2021; 231 ():120916.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pauli Hiltunen; Sanna Syri. 2021. "Low-temperature waste heat enabling abandoning coal in Espoo district heating system." Energy 231, no. : 120916.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2021 in Energies
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A refining model is developed to analyses the refining process’s energy efficiency based on the refining variables. A simulation model is obtained for longer-term refining energy analysis by further developing the MATLAB Thermo-Mechanical Pulping Simulink toolbox. This model is utilized to predict two essential variables for refining energy efficiency calculation: refining motor-load and generated steam. The conventional variable for presenting refining energy efficiency is refining specific energy consumption (RSEC), which is the ratio of the refining motor load to throughput and does not consider the share of recovered energy from the refining produced steam. In this study, a new variable, corrected refining specific energy consumption (CRSEC), is introduced and practiced for better representation of the refining energy efficiency. In the calculation process of the CRSEC, recovered energy from the refining generated steam is considered useful energy. The developed model results in 160% and 78.75% improvement in simulation model determination coefficient and error, respectively. Utilizing the developed model and hourly district heating demand for CRSEC calculation, results prove a 22% annual average difference between CRSEC and RSEC. Findings confirm that the wintertime refining energy efficiency is 27% higher due to higher recovered energy in the heat recovery unit compared to summertime.

ACS Style

Behnam Talebjedi; Timo Laukkanen; Henrik Holmberg; Esa Vakkilainen; Sanna Syri. Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Refining Unit in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Mill. Energies 2021, 14, 1664 .

AMA Style

Behnam Talebjedi, Timo Laukkanen, Henrik Holmberg, Esa Vakkilainen, Sanna Syri. Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Refining Unit in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Mill. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1664.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behnam Talebjedi; Timo Laukkanen; Henrik Holmberg; Esa Vakkilainen; Sanna Syri. 2021. "Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Refining Unit in Thermo-Mechanical Pulp Mill." Energies 14, no. 6: 1664.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Energies
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In the pulping industry, thermo-mechanical pulping (TMP) as a subdivision of the refiner-based mechanical pulping is one of the most energy-intensive processes where the core of the process is attributed to the refining process. In this study, to simulate the refining unit of the TMP process under different operational states, the idea of machine learning algorithms is employed. Complicated processes and prediction problems could be simulated and solved by utilizing artificial intelligence methods inspired by the pattern of brain learning. In this research, six evolutionary optimization algorithms are employed to be joined with the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to increase the refining simulation accuracy. The applied optimization algorithms are particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), differential evolution (DE), biogeography-based optimization algorithm (BBO), genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony (ACO), and teaching learning-based optimization algorithm (TLBO). The simulation predictor variables are site ambient temperature, refining dilution water, refining plate gap, and chip transfer screw speed, while the model outputs are refining motor load and generated steam. Findings confirm the superiority of the PSO algorithm concerning model performance comparing to the other evolutionary algorithms for optimizing ANFIS method parameters, which are utilized for simulating a refiner unit in the TMP process.

ACS Style

Behnam Talebjedi; Ali Khosravi; Timo Laukkanen; Henrik Holmberg; Esa Vakkilainen; Sanna Syri. Energy Modeling of a Refiner in Thermo-Mechanical Pulping Process Using ANFIS Method. Energies 2020, 13, 5113 .

AMA Style

Behnam Talebjedi, Ali Khosravi, Timo Laukkanen, Henrik Holmberg, Esa Vakkilainen, Sanna Syri. Energy Modeling of a Refiner in Thermo-Mechanical Pulping Process Using ANFIS Method. Energies. 2020; 13 (19):5113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behnam Talebjedi; Ali Khosravi; Timo Laukkanen; Henrik Holmberg; Esa Vakkilainen; Sanna Syri. 2020. "Energy Modeling of a Refiner in Thermo-Mechanical Pulping Process Using ANFIS Method." Energies 13, no. 19: 5113.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2020 in Energies
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Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have been recognized to have potential in decarbonizing district heating, which is currently an urgent sustainability challenge in many European countries. In this paper, the financial impacts of replacing peat and biomass-powered Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants with heat-only reactors of 24–200 MW power range and maximum output temperatures of 120 °C are studied. A district heating system of a medium-sized Nordic city in Eastern Finland is modeled with EnergyPRO computer software (EMD International A/S, Aalborg, Denmark), which is used to optimize plant units’ production for cost effectiveness. A future scenario is used to predict electricity prices, expenditures from CO2 emission allowances, and fuel prices for the studied case. Results show that the low operating expenditures of CO2 free heat-only reactors would compensate for the revenue losses from electricity sales and that a small number of micro reactors, with power output in the tens of megawatts range each, would be optimal for the studied case. Since investment cost estimates for SMRs still bear significant uncertainties, the subject should be followed in further studies, as heat-only SMRs could provide a profitable alternative for current CHP production in the future.

ACS Style

Antti Teräsvirta; Sanna Syri; Pauli Hiltunen. Small Nuclear Reactor—Nordic District Heating Case Study. Energies 2020, 13, 3782 .

AMA Style

Antti Teräsvirta, Sanna Syri, Pauli Hiltunen. Small Nuclear Reactor—Nordic District Heating Case Study. Energies. 2020; 13 (15):3782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antti Teräsvirta; Sanna Syri; Pauli Hiltunen. 2020. "Small Nuclear Reactor—Nordic District Heating Case Study." Energies 13, no. 15: 3782.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2020 in Energies
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The district heating operator Fortum and the city of Espoo have set a goal to abandon the use of coal in district heating production and increase the share of renewable sources to 95% by the year 2029. Among renewable fuels and heat pumps, waste heat utilization has an important role in Fortum’s plans for the decarbonization of district heating production, and Fortum is considering the possibility of utilizing waste heat from a large data center in its district heating network. The goal of this paper is to investigate the feasibility and required amount of waste heat to achieve this goal. Two different operation strategies are introduced—an operation strategy based on marginal costs and an operation strategy prioritizing waste heat utilization. Each strategy is modeled with three different electricity price scenarios. Because the low temperature waste heat from a data center must be primed by heat pumps, the electricity price has a significant impact on the feasibility of waste heat utilization. Prioritizing waste heat utilization leads to higher production costs, but a lower waste heat capacity is needed to reach the goal of 95% renewables in production. The higher electricity price emphasizes the differences between the two operation strategies. Waste heat utilization also leads to significant reductions of CO2 emissions.

ACS Style

Pauli Hiltunen; Sanna Syri. Highly Renewable District Heat for Espoo Utilizing Waste Heat Sources. Energies 2020, 13, 3551 .

AMA Style

Pauli Hiltunen, Sanna Syri. Highly Renewable District Heat for Espoo Utilizing Waste Heat Sources. Energies. 2020; 13 (14):3551.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pauli Hiltunen; Sanna Syri. 2020. "Highly Renewable District Heat for Espoo Utilizing Waste Heat Sources." Energies 13, no. 14: 3551.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Energy Strategy Reviews
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Energy security is one of the critical priorities of energy policy in the European Union and particularly in the Baltic region that is currently transforming itself from an isolated energy island to a highly interconnected area. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of energy security in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania in the context of the energy transition is presented. The paper explores regional implications of two paths of carbon price (gradual and delayed carbon price increase). The analysis is performed by linking an energy system optimisation model with a probabilistic model of energy security. This modelling suite is used to assess the resilience of the planned energy system to possible disruptions. The results demonstrate that carbon price paths have a modest impact on energy security in Baltic countries if energy security measures are implemented in an optimal way. The research is based on the case study conducted in the framework of the European Union's Horizon 2020 project REEEM.

ACS Style

Arvydas Galinis; Linas Martišauskas; Jaakko Jääskeläinen; Ville Olkkonen; Sanna Syri; Georgios Avgerinopoulos; Vidas Lekavičius. Implications of carbon price paths on energy security in four Baltic region countries. Energy Strategy Reviews 2020, 30, 100509 .

AMA Style

Arvydas Galinis, Linas Martišauskas, Jaakko Jääskeläinen, Ville Olkkonen, Sanna Syri, Georgios Avgerinopoulos, Vidas Lekavičius. Implications of carbon price paths on energy security in four Baltic region countries. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2020; 30 ():100509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arvydas Galinis; Linas Martišauskas; Jaakko Jääskeläinen; Ville Olkkonen; Sanna Syri; Georgios Avgerinopoulos; Vidas Lekavičius. 2020. "Implications of carbon price paths on energy security in four Baltic region countries." Energy Strategy Reviews 30, no. : 100509.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2020 in Energies
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Finland has adopted a high profile in climate change mitigation. A national target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2035 has been declared. As a part of this, the use of coal for energy purposes has been banned from May 2029 onwards. The Nordic electricity market was a world fore-runner in creating a liberalized, multi-national electricity market in the 1990s. At present, the electricity systems of Finland, Sweden, and Norway are already very low-carbon. The Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the Nordic market about a decade ago. Estonian electricity production is the most carbon-intensive of all the EU countries due to the extensive use of domestic oil shale. Especially Lithuania still suffers from capacity deficit created by the closure of the Soviet time nuclear reactor Ignalina in Lithuania. This paper presents the ambitions of the EU and national level energy and climate policies and models the multi-national impacts of Finland’s forthcoming closure of coal-fired generation. We also take into account Sweden’s planned decrease in nuclear generation. We find that these national-level policies have an impact on the Baltic countries as reduced import possibilities and increasing electricity prices, and the expected rise of the EU CO2 allowance prices amplifies these. We further find that the abandonment of coal and nuclear power plants increases the net import and increases CO2 emissions in neighboring regions.

ACS Style

Anahita Farsaei; Sanna Syri; Ville Olkkonen; Ali Khosravi. Unintended Consequences of National Climate Policy on International Electricity Markets—Case Finland’s Ban on Coal-Fired Generation. Energies 2020, 13, 1930 .

AMA Style

Anahita Farsaei, Sanna Syri, Ville Olkkonen, Ali Khosravi. Unintended Consequences of National Climate Policy on International Electricity Markets—Case Finland’s Ban on Coal-Fired Generation. Energies. 2020; 13 (8):1930.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anahita Farsaei; Sanna Syri; Ville Olkkonen; Ali Khosravi. 2020. "Unintended Consequences of National Climate Policy on International Electricity Markets—Case Finland’s Ban on Coal-Fired Generation." Energies 13, no. 8: 1930.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2019 in Energies
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Residents’ willingness to use green energy products is a major concern for different stakeholders and policymakers due to the reformed Chinese electricity market since 2015. This study focused on the Chinese consumer’s willingness to opt and pay for environmentally-friendly electricity sources in Shanghai’s residential sector. A questionnaire survey was used to find out the influence of gender, age, education, awareness and income level on consumers’ attitudes to alter their energy sources to green ones. The results indicated that income level and awareness are significant barriers in the usage of green energy products. Increasing the respondent’s awareness about the issues of non-green energy products convinced 97% of them to change their electricity sources completely or partly, in line with their monthly income. This clearly shows that clarifying the benefits of green energy products is a key tool to achieve a green environment in China.

ACS Style

Behrang Vand; Aira Hast; Sanaz Bozorg; Zelin Li; Sanna Syri; Shuai Deng. Consumers’ Attitudes to Support Green Energy: A Case Study in Shanghai. Energies 2019, 12, 2379 .

AMA Style

Behrang Vand, Aira Hast, Sanaz Bozorg, Zelin Li, Sanna Syri, Shuai Deng. Consumers’ Attitudes to Support Green Energy: A Case Study in Shanghai. Energies. 2019; 12 (12):2379.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behrang Vand; Aira Hast; Sanaz Bozorg; Zelin Li; Sanna Syri; Shuai Deng. 2019. "Consumers’ Attitudes to Support Green Energy: A Case Study in Shanghai." Energies 12, no. 12: 2379.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2019 in Energies
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To answer the challenges presented by climate change, all aspects of our energy systems have to carry out a rapid transition towards decarbonisation. This is especially true for the European heating sector that still relies heavily on fossil fuels. District heating systems have been traditionally praised for their efficiency, but replacing old fossil fuel based combined heat and power (CHP) plants is an ongoing challenge, and also the sustainability of biomass as a large-scale option can be considered questionable. Small modular nuclear reactors are one of the potential sources of future CO2-free district heat production. We evaluate the suitability and cost-effectiveness of these plants for district heating through literature review and scenario modelling. The technical aspects of small modular reactors seem promising but there is still a significant amount of uncertainty around both their costs and deployability. The scenario modelling assesses the investment in 300 MWdh of new district heating capacity in the Helsinki Metropolitan area in 2030 either as a CHP plant or as a heat-only boiler. The results indicate that a modular nuclear heat-only boiler could be profitable, while profitable investment in a modular nuclear CHP plant relies heavily on future electricity market price levels.

ACS Style

Konsta Värri; Sanna Syri. The Possible Role of Modular Nuclear Reactors in District Heating: Case Helsinki Region. Energies 2019, 12, 2195 .

AMA Style

Konsta Värri, Sanna Syri. The Possible Role of Modular Nuclear Reactors in District Heating: Case Helsinki Region. Energies. 2019; 12 (11):2195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konsta Värri; Sanna Syri. 2019. "The Possible Role of Modular Nuclear Reactors in District Heating: Case Helsinki Region." Energies 12, no. 11: 2195.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2019 in Energies
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Demand response has been studied in district heating connected buildings since the rollout of smart, communicating devices has made it cost-effective to control buildings’ energy consumption externally. This research investigates optimal demand response control strategies from the district heating operator perspective. Based on earlier simulations on the building level, different case algorithms were simulated on a typical district heating system. The results show that even in the best case, heat production costs can be decreased by only 0.7%. However, by implementing hot water thermal storage in the system, demand response can become more profitable, resulting in 1.4% cost savings. It is concluded that the hot water storage tank can balance district heating peak loads for longer periods of time, which enhances the ability to use demand response strategies on a larger share of the building stock.

ACS Style

Sonja Salo; Aira Hast; Juha Jokisalo; Risto Kosonen; Sanna Syri; Janne Hirvonen; Kristian Martin. The Impact of Optimal Demand Response Control and Thermal Energy Storage on a District Heating System. Energies 2019, 12, 1678 .

AMA Style

Sonja Salo, Aira Hast, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, Sanna Syri, Janne Hirvonen, Kristian Martin. The Impact of Optimal Demand Response Control and Thermal Energy Storage on a District Heating System. Energies. 2019; 12 (9):1678.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonja Salo; Aira Hast; Juha Jokisalo; Risto Kosonen; Sanna Syri; Janne Hirvonen; Kristian Martin. 2019. "The Impact of Optimal Demand Response Control and Thermal Energy Storage on a District Heating System." Energies 12, no. 9: 1678.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2018 in Sustainability
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Studies on energy security in the context of relations between European Union (EU) and Russia tend to focus on cases, with an open conflict related to supply, such as “hard” energy weapons, or on only one fuel, often natural gas. However, there is a need to understand the long-term impacts that energy relations have politically, economically and physically, and their linkages between resilience, sustainability and security. We analyse the Finnish-Russian energy relations as a case study, as they are characterised by a non-conflictual relationship. To assess this complex relationship, we apply the interdependence framework to analyse both the energy systems and energy strategies of Finland and Russia, and the energy security issues related to the notable import dependence on one supplier. Moreover, we analyse the plausible development of the energy trade between the countries in three different energy policy scenarios until 2040. The findings of the article shed light on how the trends in energy markets, climate change mitigation and broader societal and political trends could influence Russia’s energy trade relations with countries, such as Finland. Our analysis shows that Finland’s dependence on primary energy imports does not pose an acute energy security threat in terms of sheer supply, and the dependence is unlikely to worsen in the future. However, due to the difficulty in anticipating societal, political, and economic trends, there are possible developments that could affect Finland.

ACS Style

Jaakko Jääskeläinen; Sakari Höysniemi; Sanna Syri; Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen. Finland’s Dependence on Russian Energy—Mutually Beneficial Trade Relations or an Energy Security Threat? Sustainability 2018, 10, 3445 .

AMA Style

Jaakko Jääskeläinen, Sakari Höysniemi, Sanna Syri, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen. Finland’s Dependence on Russian Energy—Mutually Beneficial Trade Relations or an Energy Security Threat? Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaakko Jääskeläinen; Sakari Höysniemi; Sanna Syri; Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen. 2018. "Finland’s Dependence on Russian Energy—Mutually Beneficial Trade Relations or an Energy Security Threat?" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3445.

Journal article
Published: 30 August 2018 in Energy
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The research presented in this paper aims to assess the technical effectiveness of demand response as a demand-side flexibility option to mitigate variability in the energy system in Finland in 2030. The results show that heating loads can provide a significant long-term technical potential for demand-side resource capacity. This demand-side resource capacity is not always available, as it varies according to the season and time of the day. The temporal availability of demand-side resource capacities varies between 80 and 5600 MW. Furthermore, the results show that the utilisation of demand-side resource capacity decreases significantly when the shifting time interval becomes more constrained. The utilisation of demand-side resource capacity results in balancing of residual demand in the day-ahead market, and thus more efficient utilisation of wind power generation in the Finnish power market. This smoothing effect reduces operating hours of thermal power production and the need for cross-border balancing by electricity imports during the peak hours. According to the sensitivity analysis, the ramping occurrences of district heating CHP units increase significantly with increased share of inflexible baseload nuclear power, while some of the efficiency gains can leak to the neighbouring countries.

ACS Style

Ville Olkkonen; Jussi Ekström; Aira Hast; Sanna Syri. Utilising demand response in the future Finnish energy system with increased shares of baseload nuclear power and variable renewable energy. Energy 2018, 164, 204 -217.

AMA Style

Ville Olkkonen, Jussi Ekström, Aira Hast, Sanna Syri. Utilising demand response in the future Finnish energy system with increased shares of baseload nuclear power and variable renewable energy. Energy. 2018; 164 ():204-217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ville Olkkonen; Jussi Ekström; Aira Hast; Sanna Syri. 2018. "Utilising demand response in the future Finnish energy system with increased shares of baseload nuclear power and variable renewable energy." Energy 164, no. : 204-217.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Energy Policy
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This study provides a comparative assessment of carbon-pricing instruments for the Mexican electricity sector, contrasting a carbon tax with an emissions trading scheme (ETS). The assessment is performed in terms of economic impacts and political feasibility. Model-based scenarios considering different price and quantity levels are analyzed on Balmorel-MX, a cost optimization bottom-up model of the Mexican electricity system. The political feasibility is evaluated using an online survey and interviews with representatives of relevant stakeholder groups. The assessment suggests that an ETS is the most appropriate instrument for the Mexican case. We recommend to set the cap as 31% abatement in relation to a baseline, which is suggested to be 102 MtCO2 by 2030, given the business-as-usual baseline used as reference by the Mexican government (202 MtCO2) is found to leave cost-effective abatement potential untapped. An emission trading system with such design has higher cost-efficiency and lower distributional effects than a carbon tax at equivalent ambition level (15 USD/tCO2). The political feasibility analysis confirms the assessment, as it is in line with the priorities of the stakeholder groups, allows earmarking carbon revenue and avoids exempting natural gas from carbon pricing.

ACS Style

Camila Barragán-Beaud; Amalia Pizarro-Alonso; Maria Xylia; Sanna Syri; Semida Silveira. Carbon tax or emissions trading? An analysis of economic and political feasibility of policy mechanisms for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the Mexican power sector. Energy Policy 2018, 122, 287 -299.

AMA Style

Camila Barragán-Beaud, Amalia Pizarro-Alonso, Maria Xylia, Sanna Syri, Semida Silveira. Carbon tax or emissions trading? An analysis of economic and political feasibility of policy mechanisms for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the Mexican power sector. Energy Policy. 2018; 122 ():287-299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camila Barragán-Beaud; Amalia Pizarro-Alonso; Maria Xylia; Sanna Syri; Semida Silveira. 2018. "Carbon tax or emissions trading? An analysis of economic and political feasibility of policy mechanisms for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the Mexican power sector." Energy Policy 122, no. : 287-299.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Finland updated its Energy and Climate Strategy in late 2016 with the aim of increasing the share of renewable energy sources, increasing energy self-sufficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Concurrently, the issue of generation adequacy has grown more topical, especially since the record-high demand peak in Finland in January 2016. This paper analyses the Finnish energy system in years 2020 and 2030 by using the EnergyPLAN simulation tool to model whether different energy policy scenarios result in a plausible generation inadequacy. Moreover, as the Nordic energy system is so heavily dependent on hydropower production, we model and analyse the impacts of a severe drought on the Finnish energy system. We simulate hydropower availability according to the weather of the worst drought of the last century (in 1939-1942) with Finnish Environment Institute's Watershed Simulation and Forecasting System and we analyse the indirect impacts via reduced availability of electricity imports based on recent realised dry periods. Moreover, we analyse the environmental impacts of hydropower production during the drought and peak demand period and the impacts of climate change on generation adequacy in Finland. The results show that the scenarios of the new Energy and Climate Strategy result in an improved generation adequacy comparing to the current situation. However, a severe drought similar to that experienced in 1940s could cause a serious energy security threat.

ACS Style

Jaakko Jääskeläinen; Noora Veijalainen; Sanna Syri; Mika Marttunen; Behnam Zakeri. Energy security impacts of a severe drought on the future Finnish energy system. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 217, 542 -554.

AMA Style

Jaakko Jääskeläinen, Noora Veijalainen, Sanna Syri, Mika Marttunen, Behnam Zakeri. Energy security impacts of a severe drought on the future Finnish energy system. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 217 ():542-554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaakko Jääskeläinen; Noora Veijalainen; Sanna Syri; Mika Marttunen; Behnam Zakeri. 2018. "Energy security impacts of a severe drought on the future Finnish energy system." Journal of Environmental Management 217, no. : 542-554.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2018 in 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)
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In this paper, the results from EU level energy system modelling with TIMES PanEU are interpreted to the city level development of the district heating (DH) systems of Warsaw and Helsinki region until 2050. In the future, there is probably more variation in the electricity prices due to the higher share of renewable energy sources in the electricity production which further affects the operation of DH systems. The results presented in this paper indicate that heat storages were almost always profitable investments and the optimal heat storage capacity was highest in 2050. The benefit of the heat storage increased with the variation in electricity prices. In Warsaw, heat pumps were also profitable. Heat production with wood and waste fuels as well as utilization of geothermal and waste heat increased in Helsinki region by 2050. In Warsaw, the consumption of biomass, waste and electricity in heat production increased by 2050.

ACS Style

Aira Hast; Sanna Syri; Julia Welsch; Pinar Korkmaz; Olexandr Balyk. Transition to Carbon Neutral Energy Systems - Implications to District Heating in Cities. 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) 2018, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Aira Hast, Sanna Syri, Julia Welsch, Pinar Korkmaz, Olexandr Balyk. Transition to Carbon Neutral Energy Systems - Implications to District Heating in Cities. 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). 2018; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aira Hast; Sanna Syri; Julia Welsch; Pinar Korkmaz; Olexandr Balyk. 2018. "Transition to Carbon Neutral Energy Systems - Implications to District Heating in Cities." 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) , no. : 1-5.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2018 in 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)
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Due to their properties, the most suitable application for flow batteries currently is a bulk energy storage. This paper investigates the economic feasibility of the technology in terms of monetary profitability in the appropriate business cases, namely employment in energy markets and in isolated island systems with the high share of renewable generation. We calculate the flow batteries life cycle costs and compare them with the potential revenues from participation in the Finnish energy markets and operation in isolated power systems of the Faroe Islands and the island of Graciosa. We find that the flow batteries exploitation in the Finnish market is not profitable - they collect 43-60% of their costs in the most promising application. The island cases represent a more viable option due to the high fuel costs of the thermal plants that the batteries and renewable sources substitute or decrease their share. However, the revenue and subsequent profitability highly depend on the volatile fuel prices.

ACS Style

Dmitry Buiskikh; Behnam Zakeri; Sanna Syri; Pertti Kauranen. Economic Feasibility of Flow Batteries in Grid-Scale Applications. 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) 2018, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Dmitry Buiskikh, Behnam Zakeri, Sanna Syri, Pertti Kauranen. Economic Feasibility of Flow Batteries in Grid-Scale Applications. 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). 2018; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dmitry Buiskikh; Behnam Zakeri; Sanna Syri; Pertti Kauranen. 2018. "Economic Feasibility of Flow Batteries in Grid-Scale Applications." 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) , no. : 1-5.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2018 in Energies
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The Nordic power market has exceptionally low carbon emissions. Energy efficient combined heat and power (CHP) plays an important role in the market, and also produces a large share of Nordic district heating (DH) energy. In future Nordic energy systems, DH CHP is often seen as vital for flexibility in electricity production. However, CHP electricity production may not be profitable in the future Nordic market. Even currently, the prevailing trend is for CHP plants to be replaced with heat-only boilers in DH production. In this work, we aim to describe the future utilisation of CHP in the Nordic area. We use an electricity market simulation model to examine the development of the Nordic electricity market until 2030. We examine one main projection of electricity production capacity changes, and based on it we assess scenarios with different electricity demands and CO2 emission prices. Differences between scenarios are notable: For example, the stalling or increasing of electricity demand from the 2014 level can mean a difference of 15 €/MWh in the average market price of electricity in 2020. The results of this paper underline the importance of considering several alternative future paths of electricity production and consumption when designing new energy policies.

ACS Style

Kristo Helin; Behnam Zakeri; Sanna Syri. Is District Heating Combined Heat and Power at Risk in the Nordic Area?—An Electricity Market Perspective. Energies 2018, 11, 1256 .

AMA Style

Kristo Helin, Behnam Zakeri, Sanna Syri. Is District Heating Combined Heat and Power at Risk in the Nordic Area?—An Electricity Market Perspective. Energies. 2018; 11 (5):1256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristo Helin; Behnam Zakeri; Sanna Syri. 2018. "Is District Heating Combined Heat and Power at Risk in the Nordic Area?—An Electricity Market Perspective." Energies 11, no. 5: 1256.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2018 in Energy
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District heating markets are often dominated by monopolies in both Denmark and Finland. The same companies, often owned by local municipalities, are usually operating both supplying plants and district heating networks, while the pricing mechanisms are rigid, often agreed upon for one year in advance. The mentioned ownership scheme may cause problems, when one tries to gain a third party access in order to deliver excess heat or heat from cheaper heating plants. In this paper, two case studies were carried out to simulate the district heating systems based on dynamic pricing. Case studies were carried out for Sønderborg, Denmark and Espoo, Finland. The results showed that dynamic pricing fosters feeding the waste heat into the grid, as dynamic pricing reduced the total primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions in both case studies. In the best scenarios, the weighted average heat price decreased by 25.6% in Sønderborg and 6.6% in Espoo, respectively.

ACS Style

Dominik Franjo Dominković; Mikko Wahlroos; Sanna Syri; Allan Schrøder Pedersen. Influence of different technologies on dynamic pricing in district heating systems: Comparative case studies. Energy 2018, 153, 136 -148.

AMA Style

Dominik Franjo Dominković, Mikko Wahlroos, Sanna Syri, Allan Schrøder Pedersen. Influence of different technologies on dynamic pricing in district heating systems: Comparative case studies. Energy. 2018; 153 ():136-148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominik Franjo Dominković; Mikko Wahlroos; Sanna Syri; Allan Schrøder Pedersen. 2018. "Influence of different technologies on dynamic pricing in district heating systems: Comparative case studies." Energy 153, no. : 136-148.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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ACS Style

Mikko Wahlroos; Matti Pärssinen; Samuli Rinne; Sanna Syri; Jukka Manner. Publisher’s Note. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 81, 1096 -1111.

AMA Style

Mikko Wahlroos, Matti Pärssinen, Samuli Rinne, Sanna Syri, Jukka Manner. Publisher’s Note. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 81 ():1096-1111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mikko Wahlroos; Matti Pärssinen; Samuli Rinne; Sanna Syri; Jukka Manner. 2018. "Publisher’s Note." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81, no. : 1096-1111.