Currently, the predominant energy source utilized by humanity is fossil fuels. However, as demand surges and supplies wane, identifying alternative sources of energy becomes increasingly critical. Presently, solar energy has emerged as a promising solution to this energy crisis, and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) represent a particularly viable technology. DSSCs are the most suitable choice as a cost-effective and reliable substitute for other types of photovoltaic devices, including organic, inorganic and hybrid solar cells. This is because DSSCs can directly convert light energy into electrical energy, are simple to manufacture, require less energy to produce, and can be fabricated using abundant and non-toxic materials. In addition, they can function effectively even in environments with low lighting conditions, making them a versatile option for various applications. This review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the operating principle, components, and progress on DSSCs. Initially, we explain the operational mechanics of DSSCs. Specifically, the process by which these cells convert solar energy into electrical energy via a photoelectrochemical mechanism is highlighted. Subsequently, we delve into the various components of DSSCs, including the photoanode, counter electrode, and electrolyte, and their respective roles in the conversion process. Furthermore, we investigate the recent advancements in DSSC technology, which encompass novel approaches such as the utilization of new materials to enhance light harvesting efficiency and the development of efficient DSSCs. Additionally, we discuss the present state of development of DSSCs, including their commercial availability and widespread adoption. Finally, we highlight the potential future prospects of DSSCs, such as their integration with other renewable energy sources and their use in building integrated photovoltaics. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and limitations of DSSCs, we can make informed decisions on how to optimally harness this technology to meet our energy requirements sustainably and efficiently.

This study investigates the corrosion inhibition efficiency of safflower plant (SP) extract on carbon steel in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions. The SP extract, obtained through Soxhlet extraction, was tested for its ability to reduce corrosion using electrochemical techniques, including potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM). The study revealed that the SP extract functions as an effective mixed-type inhibitor, significantly reducing the corrosion current density and enhancing inhibition efficiency at concentrations up to 2.5 g L⁻¹. It achieved an inhibition efficiency of 89.56% at 2.5 g L⁻¹. The adsorption mechanism is described in terms of both physical and chemical adsorption processes, with the Langmuir isotherm fitting the adsorption data. Computational modeling using density functional theory (DFT) further supported the experimental findings, identifying key active compounds in SP extract that contribute to its inhibitory performance. The study demonstrates the potential of SP extract as a sustainable and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for industrial applications.

This research examines the corrosion inhibition efficiency of two novel compounds, AEPA and DOCA, on carbon steel in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid. Both AEPA and DOCA demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance as corrosion inhibitors, with inhibition efficiencies exceeding 93% at a concentration of 10 mM, as confirmed through potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. EIS analysis revealed a marked increase in charge transfer resistance (R_ct), reaching 387.55 Ω cm² for AEPA and 345.80 Ω cm² for DOCA, indicating the formation of a robust protective layer on the carbon steel surface. Adsorption studies confirmed that both inhibitors follow the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting monolayer chemisorption. The calculated adsorption equilibrium constants with corresponding Gibbs free energy values of −29.53 kJ per mol (AEPA) and −29.30 kJ per mol (DOCA), respectively, indicating spontaneous and strong adsorption interactions. Theoretical insights from density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that AEPA possesses a higher HOMO energy (−5.65 eV) and a lower LUMO energy (−1.12 eV) compared to DOCA (HOMO: −6.70 eV, LUMO: −0.85 eV), resulting in a smaller energy gap (ΔE = 4.53 eV for AEPA vs. 5.85 eV for DOCA). This suggests that AEPA has a greater electron-donating ability and stronger interaction with the metal surface. The integration of experimental and theoretical approaches provides a comprehensive understanding of their inhibition mechanisms and highlights their potential for practical applications in corrosion protection.