Purpose: As online health information-seeking surges, concerns mount over the quality and safety of accessible content, potentially leading to patient harm through misinformation. On one hand, the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare could prevent it; on the other hand, questions raise regarding the quality and safety of the medical information provided. As laryngeal cancer is a prevalent head and neck malignancy, this study aims to evaluate the utility and safety of three large language models (LLMs) as sources of patient information about laryngeal cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using three LLMs (ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4.0, and Bard). A questionnaire comprising 36 inquiries about laryngeal cancer was categorised into diagnosis (11 questions), treatment (9 questions), novelties and upcoming treatments (4 questions), controversies (8 questions), and sources of information (4 questions). The population of reviewers consisted of 3 groups, including ENT specialists, junior physicians, and non-medicals, who graded the responses. Each physician evaluated each question twice for each model, while non-medicals only once. Everyone was blinded to the model type, and the question order was shuffled. Outcome evaluations were based on a safety score (1–3) and a Global Quality Score (GQS, 1–5). Results were compared between LLMs. The study included iterative assessments and statistical validations. Results: Analysis revealed that ChatGPT 3.5 scored highest in both safety (mean: 2.70) and GQS (mean: 3.95). ChatGPT 4.0 and Bard had lower safety scores of 2.56 and 2.42, respectively, with corresponding quality scores of 3.65 and 3.38. Inter-rater reliability was consistent, with less than 3% discrepancy. About 4.2% of responses fell into the lowest safety category (1), particularly in the novelty category. Non-medical reviewers' quality assessments correlated moderately (r = 0.67) with response length. Conclusions: LLMs can be valuable resources for patients seeking information on laryngeal cancer. ChatGPT 3.5 provided the most reliable and safe responses among the models evaluated.

Zinner syndrome (ZS) is a rare disorder that affects only men. It is characterized by a triad of abnormalities, including unilateral renal agenesis, ipsilateral seminal vesicle cysts, and atresia of the ejaculatory tract. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on the best treatment modality. We describe a case of a young male patient with recurrent epididymitis, dysuria, and frequent urination. In the diagnostic evaluation, we found an extended right seminal vesicle in the ultrasound with hyperechoic fluid inside and an absence of the right kidney. We performed magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and semen analysis confirming Zinner syndrome and deteriorated semen parameters. Urethroscopic evaluation and ultrasound-guided puncture of the seminal vesicle were performed. An abscess was excluded. The cytologic evaluation showed hemosiderophages. Tamsulosin was introduced. We found no signs of relapse in a six-month observation, and the patient had no further symptoms. Therefore, minimally invasive treatment is a feasible option in young patients found with early-stage Zinner syndrome.

Drug-induced xerostomia significantly affects quality of life. This study evaluated subjective and objective oral dryness in 101 patients with overactive bladder (OAB) receiving solifenacin (5 or 10 mg) or mirabegron (50 mg). Fox and Xerostomia Inventory questionnaires assessed subjective xerostomia, while unstimulated salivary flow measured objective changes. Overall, salivary flow declined from 0.35 to 0.27 ml/min (− 15.1%; p < 0.001), with the greatest reduction in the solifenacin 10 mg group (− 19.3%; p < 0.001). Mirabegron had a minimal, non-significant impact (− 5.9%; p = 0.42). Hyposalivation prevalence rose from 12.9% pre-treatment to 25.7% post-therapy (p < 0.001), especially among solifenacin users. Men had higher baseline salivation (0.45 vs. 0.27 ml/min; p < 0.001), though both sexes experienced comparable proportional decreases. Mirabegron in multivariable analysis markedly reduced the risk of hyposalivation (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02–0.90), whereas hypertension increased it six-fold (OR 6.13, 95% CI 1.02–36.78); each additional 0.1 mL of baseline saliva independently decreased the odds (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.27–0.38). These findings underscore the need for collaboration among urologists, dentists, and otolaryngologists to identify high-risk individuals early and implement preventive strategies. Adjusting OAB pharmacotherapy regimens may help optimize treatment efficacy while minimizing xerostomia’s detrimental impact on oral health and patient quality of life.

Introduction and purpose Polycystic Ovary Syndrome(PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinological disorders, and it affects 7-8 % of women globally. It is very heterogenous disease, which pathogenesis is complex and composed of many factors like genetics, hormonal changes, environmental factors and insulin resistance. PCOS has many symptoms, which appearance is dependent on comorbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia. Due to complexity of the pathogenesis of PCOS it may have four phenotypes: A,B,C,D. The pregnancy pathologies connected to PCOS are mainly gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy induced hypertension. Pregnant women with PCOS have 3-4 times a higher risk of developing pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia and a three times higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). More than 64% of pregnancies in women with PCOS were terminated via caesarean section. Metformin, although still controversial may be a good option for the treatment of PCOS before and during pregnancy as a second-line therapy. PCOS is a disease which affects the women in childbearing age and may have negative impact on its course. Pathologies connected to PCOS during pregnancy affect not only mothers, but foetus and according to new researches also children and adults from mothers with PCOS. It is very essential to extract women with PCOS to implement treatment and prevent its complications. Moreover, due to its common association with obesity patients should be under cardiologists care due to higher cardiovascular risk.

We present a patient who suffered a temporal bone fracture (TBF) encompassing the bony labyrinth. Sensorineural hearing loss was confirmed with an unfavorable prognosis for recovery. Thirteen years later, there is regression of the hearing loss.