The innovation of ubiquitous and pervasive computing helps service-oriented organizations in the realization of a virtual coalition. The virtual coalition is a set of IoT domains i.e., smart homes and smart hospitals that are linked together through communication lines to share resources. Such virtual coalitions need secure cross-domain permission delegation and access control mechanisms. In existing approaches, permission delegation and access control are performed at the resource owner domain or by a single trusted third party. This single trusted third party may fail to work or compromise. Therefore, it will collapse either the whole system or the security of the system. We propose xDBAuth, a decentralized Blockchain (BC) based permission delegation and access control framework for the Internet of Things (IoT). Also, we proposed a hierarchy of local and global smart contracts that perform permission delegation and access control for both internal and external user/IoT devices. Additionally, the proposed framework preserves an external user’s privacy by allowing them to get authentication in their parent IoT domains. During authentication, Proof-of-Authenticity/Integrity (PoAI) mechanism is used to find and retrieve user/IoT device platform hashes stored on local BC. After successful authentication, BC authorizes the user/IoT device based on the validation of delegation policies stored on BC. We implemented the proposed framework using Node.js. The results show that the proposed xDBAuth is a lightweight framework with less computational overhead. xDBAuth produces high throughput in an environment having a large number of concurrent requests.

Blockchain being a leading technology in the 21st century is revolutionizing each sector of life. Services are being provided and upgraded using its salient features and fruitful characteristics. Businesses are being enhanced by using this technology. Countries are shifting towards digital currencies i.e., an initial application of blockchain application. It omits the need of central authority by its distributed ledger functionality. This distributed ledger is achieved by using a consensus mechanism in blockchain. A consensus algorithm plays a core role in the implementation of blockchain. Any application implementing blockchain uses consensus algorithms to achieve its desired task. In this paper, we focus on provisioning of a comparative analysis of blockchain’s consensus algorithms with respect to the type of application. Furthermore, we discuss the development platforms as well as technologies of blockchain. The aim of the paper is to provide knowledge from basic to extensive from blockchain architecture to consensus methods, from applications to development platform, from challenges and issues to blockchain research gaps in various areas.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is one of the specialized branch of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which draws attention from various fields of science, such as medicine, engineering, physics, biology, and computer science. It has emerged as an important research area contributing to sports, social welfare and medical treatment. One of the most important technologies of WBANs is the routing technology. For efficient routing in WBANs, multiple network operations such as network stability, throughput, energy efficiency, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio must be considered. In this research work, a robust and efficient Energy Harvested-aware Routing protocol with Clustering approach in Body area networks (EH-RCB), is proposed. It is designed with the intent to stabilize the operation of WBANs by choosing the best forwarder node, which is based on optimal calculated Cost Function (C.F). The C.F considers link SNR, required transmission power, distance between nodes and total available energy i.e. harvested energy and residual energy. Comprehensive simulation has been conducted, supported by NS- 2 and C++ simulations tools to compare EH-RCB with existing protocols named as DSCB, EERP, REATTEMPT, and EECBSR.The results indicate a significant improvement in EH-RCB in terms of end-to-end delay network stability, packet delivery ratio and network throughput.