In this study, concentrated iron solution generated by electrocoagulation (EC) process was used for the removal of nutrients from human urine (yellow water). Yellow water was prepared synthetically with major components: nitrogen and phosphorus. As a result of the pH adjustment, nitrogen and phosphorus, which are present in urine, react with electrochemically generated iron solution and then accumulate in the sludge by precipitation. All experiments were done under different pH values for the evaluation of this novel EC nutrient removal process. The effect of the EC treatment on the removal of nutrients was followed by total nitrogen and phosphate measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of treatment parameters (pH, iron/phosphate, iron/nitrogen, and iron/nutrient ratios) on the performance of the EC treatment were also examined for the evaluation of applicability of this novel EC method for the treatment of yellow waters. The results show that the pH increase improved phosphate removal efficiencies at definite molar nutrient ratios. The phosphate removal efficiency was approximately 98% at pH 8 for 1:1 of iron/nutrient molar ratio and on the other hand, nitrogen removal was only 21% at pH 8 for 4:1 of iron/urea molar ratio. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency was reached to 26% of the process. FTIR adsorption spectra were discussed for the sludge obtained.

This paper presents a novel approach to utilizing agricultural waste. It compares three different applications for cotton stalks: fabrication of wood composites, bioethanol production, and biogas cradle-to-gate Life cycle assessment production processes. Cotton cultivation generates a lot of debris, mostly cotton stalks, which are incinerated or landfilled, Sustainable resource management is critical for maintaining the ecosystem, and economic stability, and promoting social fairness since it ensures the long-term availability of resources while minimizing environmental damage. The investigation uses the Ecological Footprint, Impact 2002 +, Global Warming Damage Potential, Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Recipe Midpoint, Ecosystem Damage Potential, and CML IA Baseline—open LCA-enabled environmental sustainability assessments. The analysis showed that bioethanol has a lower carbon footprint and climate change impact than both wood composite and biogas production processes, as a result, this could cause a preference for bioethanol production as an environmentally friendly strategy for cotton stalks utilization. While human toxicity was higher in the biogas production process, it emits less fossil CO₂ than biogenic CO₂. The total climate change of wood composite, bioethanol, and biogas production processes was 0.01761, 0.011300, and 0.01083 points, respectively. This research helps accomplish wider ecological and economic aims by giving insights into sustainable waste management practices.