This paper presents a numerical analysis of blood flow in a diseased vessel within the presence of an external magnetic field. The blood flow was considered to be incompressible and fully developed, in that the non-Newtonian nature of the fluid was characterised as a generalised power law model for shear-thinning, Newtonian, and shear-thickening fluids. The impact of a transverse directed external magnetic field on blood flow through a stenosed bifurcated artery was investigated. The arterial geometry was considered as a bifurcated channel with overlapping shaped stenosis. The problem was treated mathematically using the Galerkin Least-Squares (GLS) method. The implementation of this numerical method managed to overcome the numerical instability faced by the classical Galerkin technique when adopted to a highly viscous flow. The benefit of GLS in circumventing the Ladyzhenskaya-Babuška-Brezzi (LBB) condition was utilized by evaluating both the velocity and pressure components at corner nodes of a unstructured triangular element. The non-linearity that emerged from the convective terms was then treated using the Newton-Raphson method, while the numerical integrals were computed using a Gaussian quadrature rule with six quadrature points. The findings obtained from this study were then compared with available results from the literature as well as Comsol multiphysics software to verify the accuracy and validity of the numerical algorithms. It was found that the application of magnetic field was able to overcome flow reversal by 39% for a shear-thinning fluid, 26% for a Newtonian fluid, and 27% for a shear-thickening fluid. The negative pressure and steep wall shear stress which occurs at the extremities of an overlapping stenosis throat were diminished by rise in magnetic intensity. This prevented thrombosis occurrence and produced a uniform calm flow.

This study is focus on generalized power law model of blood flow in a stenosed bifurcated artery under the effect of different types of stenosis. Stenosis can cause the narrowing of the artery that may reduce the flow of blood supply to the heart, and this may lead to the heart attacks. The geometry of the bifurcated artery with different classification of stenosis locations is considered in order to shows four possible morphologies formation of plaque from healthy artery to disease artery. The bifurcated artery is modelled as a two-dimensional rigid wall since the wall of a disease artery is reported to be less flexibility. Few assumptions are considered such as blood are incompressible, laminar, steady and characterized as the generalized power-law model. Simulation results are obtained using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2, which is a software that based on the finite element method to solve this problem. Results concerning the effect of different locations of stenosis on generalized power law model of the blood flow characteristic such as streamlines pattern are discussed.

As the leading cause of death worldwide, cardiovascular disease underscores the urgent need for effective therapies and diagnostic tools. The use of magnetic fields and nanoparticles has demonstrated potential for creating cutting-edge treatments. To analyse blood flow in an artery with stenosis and the impact of an external magnetic field on blood flow infused with hybrid nanoparticles, this study is conducted. A generalised power law is used to model the flow of a hybrid blood nanofluid comprising silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. This study focuses on a deeper level of the magnetic field with hybrid nanoparticles in a non-Newtonian fluid, which extends from previous studies on nanoparticles in Newtonian blood. In a straight artery, the blood flow through a cosine-shaped stenosis is simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The physical controlling parameters, including velocity profiles and wall shear stress, are illustrated through graphs. The external magnetic field significantly reduces shear stress and the velocity profile. The addition of gold and silver nanoparticles allows for smooth blood flow in the diseased artery. The findings show a decline in aberrant behaviour and recirculation in the post-stenotic area. The combination of a hybrid nanofluid with an external magnetic field presents a practicable method for improving blood flow in stenosed arteries. The results have implications for targeted drug delivery in stenotic arteries and advancements in nanomedicine.

One major kind of arterial disease in blood flow that attracted many researchers is arterial stenosis. Arterial stenosis occurs when a lumen of artery is narrowed by the accumulation of fats, cholesterols and lipids plaques at the inner layer of the wall of an artery. To treat this arterial disease, the drug (solute) is injected into the blood vessels. Injection of the drug into the blood vessel cause the occurrence of chemical reaction between the drug and blood proteins and it affects the effectiveness of the solute transportation in blood flow. Hence, this study examines the unsteady dispersion of solute with the influence of chemical reaction and stenosis height through a very narrow artery with a cosine-curved stenosis. The blood is treating as Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) fluid. The momentum and constitutive equations are solved analytically to gain velocity of H-B blood flow. The convective-diffusion equation is solved by applying the generalized dispersion model to gain the dispersion function of solute. The influence of chemical reaction, power-law index, plug flow radius and stenosis height on the solute dispersion process is investigated. The results are validated with the previous solution without the effect of chemical reaction and stenosis. The results showed a good conformity between the two solutions. An increase in the chemical reaction coefficient, stenosis height, power-law index and plug flow radius reduces the dispersion function. It is observed that the solute dispersion in blood flow is affected by chemical reaction and stenosis height. H-B fluid is an appropriate fluid to investigate the blood velocity and transportation of the drug in blood flow to the targeted stenosed region through a very narrow artery for the treatment of arterial diseases. The results of the present study can potentially be used to predict the changes of blood flow behavior and dispersion process in blood flow.