Superhydrophobic coatings have drawn much attention in recent years for their widespread potential applications. However, there are challenges to find a simple and cost-effective approach to prepare superhydrophobic materials and coatings using natural polymer. Herein, we prepared a kraft lignin-based superhydrophobic powder via modifying kraft lignin through 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyl-triethoxysilane (PFDTES) substitution reaction, and constructed superhydrophobic coatings by direct spraying the suspended PFDTES-Lignin powder on different substrates, including glass, wood, metal and paper. The prepared lignin-based coatings have excellent repellency to water, with a water contact angle of 164.7°, as well as good friction resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, salt resistance properties and quite good self-cleaning performance. After 30 cycles of sand friction or being stayed in 2 mol/L HCl, 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 2 mol/L NaCl solution for 30 min, the coatings still retain super hydrophobic capability, with contact angles higher than 150°. The superhydrophobic performance of PFDTES-Lignin coatings is mainly attributed to the constructed high surface roughness and the low surface energy afforded by modified lignin. This lignin-based polymer coating is low-cost, scalable, and has huge potential application in different fields, providing a simple way for the value-added utilization of kraft lignin.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline materials that are formed by self-assembling organic linkers and metal ions with large specific areas and pore volumes. Their chemical tunability, structural diversity, and tailor-ability make them adaptive to decorate many substrate materials, such as biomass-derived carbon materials, and competitive in many environmental biosystems, such as biofuel cells, bioelectrocatalysts, microbial metal reduction, and fermentation systems. In this review, we surmised the recent progress of MOFs and MOF-derived materials and their applications in environmental biosystems. The behavior of MOFs and MOF-derived materials in different environmental biosystems and their influences on performance are described. The inherent mechanisms will guide the rational design of MOF-related materials and lead to a better understanding of their interaction with biocomponents.