Synchrotron X-ray radiation (SXR) has been widely studied to explore the structure of matter. Recently, there has been an intense focus on the medical application of SXR in imaging. This review is intended to explore the latest applications of SXR in medical imaging and to shed light on the advantages and drawbacks of this modality. The article highlights the latest developments in other fields that can greatly enhance the capability and applicability of SXR. The potentials of using machine and deep learning (DL)-based methods to generate synthetic images to use in regular clinics along with the use of photon counting X-ray detectors for spectral medical imaging with SXR are also discussed.