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Prof. Zhonghe Pang
1. Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering/Geothermal Research Centre , Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Groundwater recharge
0 groundwater pollution
0 Paleo-hydrogeology
0 Geothermal fluids
0 Saline aquifer and CCUS

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Isotopes and other tracers in water management
Groundwater recharge
Geothermal fluids
Saline aquifer and CCUS
groundwater pollution

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Journal article
Published: 24 June 2021 in Applied Geochemistry
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Deep faults could provide fluent channels for geothermal water uplift so that it is one of the targets for high-temperature hydrothermal exploration in orogenic geothermal belt. In the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, significant geothermal potential reflected by hot springs, fumaroles, and sinters, are indeed exposed along a series of lithospheric-scale faults, including the Jinshajiang, the Ganzi-Litang and the Xianshuihe faults. However, as the controlling fault of the eastern edge of the plateau, the Longmenshan Fault has few geothermal manifestations. In order to uncover the role of deep faults in the genesis of high-temperature geothermal systems, a comprehensive chemical and isotopic comparison of geothermal fluid between the Xianshuihe-Anninghe Fault and the Longmenshan-Minjiang Fault was investigated in this paper. According to FixAl modeling and cation geothermometric calculations, the reservoir temperatures of geothermal systems along the Longmenshan Fault are lower than 150 °C with circulation depth of geothermal water less than 4 km while those in the Xianshuihe Fault reaches up to 260 °C with geothermal water circulating as deep as 8 km. Compared to the Xianshuihe Fault, the low reservoir temperatures along the Longmenshan Fault are accompanied by two characteristics of geothermal fluid: (1) no distinctive oxygen shift occurs in stable isotopes of geothermal waters; and (2) little mantle-derived volatiles found in the gaseous components. We propose that, extensional fracture systems are locally formed in the strike-slip movement of the Xianshuihe and Anninghe faults, which not only act as conduits for deep-derived geothermal volatiles, such as metamorphic carbon dioxide and mantle helium, but also enhance the heat convection processes, resulting in the formation of high-temperature geothermal systems. In contrast, in the Longmenshan Thrust Fault, the shallow circulation of geothermal water in closed fracture systems accounts for its lower reservoir temperatures. Therefore, deep extensional fault is a crucial element in forming a high-temperature geothermal system in the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.

ACS Style

Jiao Tian; Zhonghe Pang; Dawei Liao; Xiaocheng Zhou. Fluid geochemistry and its implications on the role of deep faults in the genesis of high temperature systems in the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Applied Geochemistry 2021, 131, 105036 .

AMA Style

Jiao Tian, Zhonghe Pang, Dawei Liao, Xiaocheng Zhou. Fluid geochemistry and its implications on the role of deep faults in the genesis of high temperature systems in the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Applied Geochemistry. 2021; 131 ():105036.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiao Tian; Zhonghe Pang; Dawei Liao; Xiaocheng Zhou. 2021. "Fluid geochemistry and its implications on the role of deep faults in the genesis of high temperature systems in the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau." Applied Geochemistry 131, no. : 105036.

Research article
Published: 08 April 2021 in Hydrological Processes
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The use of the sulfate mass balance between precipitation and soil water as a supplementary method to estimate the diffuse recharge rate assumes that the sulfate in soil water originated entirely from atmospheric deposition; however, the origin of sulfate in soil and groundwater is often unclear, especially in loess aquifers. This study analyzed the sulfur (δ34S‐SO4) and oxygen (δ18O‐SO4) isotopes of sulfate in precipitation, water‐extractable soil water, and shallow groundwater samples and used these data along with hydrochemical data to determine the sources of sulfate in the thick unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer. The results suggest that sulfate in groundwater mainly originated from old precipitation. When precipitation percolates through the unsaturated zone to recharge groundwater, sulfate were rarely dissolved due to the formation of CaCO3 film on the surface of sulfate minerals. The water‐extractable sulfate in the deep unsaturated zone (>10 m) was mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporite minerals and there was no oxidation of sulfide minerals during the extraction of soil water by elutriation of soil samples with deionized water. The water‐extractable concentration of SO4 was not representative of the actual SO4 concentration in mobile soil water. Therefore, the recharge rate cannot be estimated by the sulfate mass balance method using the water‐extractable concentration of SO4 in the loess areas. This study is important for identifying sulfate sources and clarifying the proper method for estimating the recharge rate in loess aquifers.

ACS Style

Yin Long; Tianming Huang; Fen Zhang; Zhenbin Li; BaoQiang Ma; Yiman Li; Zhonghe Pang. Origin of sulphate in the unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer. Hydrological Processes 2021, 35, 1 .

AMA Style

Yin Long, Tianming Huang, Fen Zhang, Zhenbin Li, BaoQiang Ma, Yiman Li, Zhonghe Pang. Origin of sulphate in the unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer. Hydrological Processes. 2021; 35 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yin Long; Tianming Huang; Fen Zhang; Zhenbin Li; BaoQiang Ma; Yiman Li; Zhonghe Pang. 2021. "Origin of sulphate in the unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer." Hydrological Processes 35, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2021 in Geothermics
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The Ganzi geothermal system located in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, is found to distribute the strongly active surface manifestations, such as boiling springs, and fumaroles. The resistivity structure of high-temperature hydrothermal system beneath Ganzi Basin has been obtained from the three-dimensional (3-D) magnetotelluric inversion of 103 broadband MT stations in period range from 320 Hz to 1000s. The MT stations have an average spacing of 500 m and completely cover the Ganzi Basin. The detailed 3-D resistivity structure which the authors found has been described characteristics of the shallow and deep geothermal reservoirs as well as to correlate with the structural features present in the Ganzi Basin. The shallow geothermal reservoir is mainly composed of the sedimentary layer, with a depth of 300−800 m, while the deep geothermal reservoir mainly consists of the fault fracture zone with a depth of 1−5 km. The porosity of the geothermal reservoirs is in the range 5–10 %, estimated based on the resistivity model. The Ganzi fault provides the pathway for transport heat and the circulation of geothermal fluids. The possible heat source for the Ganzi geothermal system has been attributed to tectonic deformation heating in the crust, radiogenic heat production derived from the decay of U, Th and K, and heat from the mantle.

ACS Style

Yuanzhi Cheng; Zhonghe Pang; Qingyun Di; Xiaobin Chen; Yanlong Kong. Three-dimensional resistivity structure in the hydrothermal system beneath Ganzi Basin, eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau. Geothermics 2021, 93, 102062 .

AMA Style

Yuanzhi Cheng, Zhonghe Pang, Qingyun Di, Xiaobin Chen, Yanlong Kong. Three-dimensional resistivity structure in the hydrothermal system beneath Ganzi Basin, eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau. Geothermics. 2021; 93 ():102062.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuanzhi Cheng; Zhonghe Pang; Qingyun Di; Xiaobin Chen; Yanlong Kong. 2021. "Three-dimensional resistivity structure in the hydrothermal system beneath Ganzi Basin, eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau." Geothermics 93, no. : 102062.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in Water
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Understanding the connectivity between surface water and groundwater is key to sound geo-hazard prevention and mitigation in a waterscape such as the Jiuzhaigou Natural World Heritage Site in the southeast Tibetan Plateau, China. In this study, we used environmental isotope tracers (2H, 18O 3H, and 222Rn) to constrain a water cycle model including confirming hydrological pathways, connectivity, and water source identification in the Jiuzhaigou catchments. We established the local meteoric water line (LMWL) based on the weekly precipitation isotope sampling of a precipitation station. We systematically collected water samples from various water bodies in the study area to design the local water cycle model. The regional water level and discharge changes at one month after the earthquake indicated that there was a hydraulic connection underground across the local water divide between the Rize (RZ) river in the west and Zechawa (ZCW) lake in the east by the δ18O and δ2H measurements. We employed an end-member mixing model to identify and quantify Jiuzhaigou runoff-generating sources and their contributions, and we found that the average contributions of precipitation and groundwater to the surface runoff in the catchments are about 30% and 70%, respectively. The two branches of the Shuzheng (SZ) trunk were recharged by 62 ± 19% from the ZCW lake and 38 ± 19% from the RZ river, which was consistent with the fractions calculated by the actual discharge volume. 222Rn mass balance analyses were employed to estimate the water exchange between groundwater and river, which further confirmed this estimate. 222Rn concentrations and 3H contents showed that the groundwater had a short residence time and it was moderate precipitation, thought the contribution of groundwater to the river was 70%, according to the different tracers. A three-dimensional conceptual model of the water cycle that integrated the regional hydrological and geological conditions was established for the catchments.

ACS Style

Dawei Liao; Zhonghe Pang; Weiyang Xiao; Yinlei Hao; Jie Du; Xiaobo Yang; Geng Sun. Constraining the Water Cycle Model of an Important Karstic Catchment in Southeast Tibetan Plateau Using Isotopic Tracers (2H, 18O, 3H, 222Rn). Water 2020, 12, 3306 .

AMA Style

Dawei Liao, Zhonghe Pang, Weiyang Xiao, Yinlei Hao, Jie Du, Xiaobo Yang, Geng Sun. Constraining the Water Cycle Model of an Important Karstic Catchment in Southeast Tibetan Plateau Using Isotopic Tracers (2H, 18O, 3H, 222Rn). Water. 2020; 12 (12):3306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dawei Liao; Zhonghe Pang; Weiyang Xiao; Yinlei Hao; Jie Du; Xiaobo Yang; Geng Sun. 2020. "Constraining the Water Cycle Model of an Important Karstic Catchment in Southeast Tibetan Plateau Using Isotopic Tracers (2H, 18O, 3H, 222Rn)." Water 12, no. 12: 3306.

Research letter
Published: 14 October 2020 in Geophysical Research Letters
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A detailed study on geochemical processes following hydraulic fracturing can provide important information on the origin of solutes and potential improvement of fracturing technology. However, this remains difficult due to the low resolution of flowback water and high salinity of formation water. To fill this knowledge gap, a shale‐gas well was drilled and freshwater was used to fracture the shale. In parallel, laboratory water‐rock interaction experiments were conducted. The intensive sampling for flowback water and the use of multiple isotopes provided novel and detailed insights into the water‐rock interactions after hydraulic fracturing. The results showed that beyond mixing processes, cation exchange, adsorption/desorption, and barite precipitation were observed both in the laboratory and field studies. Although oxidation of pyrite was observed in most of the laboratory experiments, our findings demonstrate that this process was not evident in field flowback samples that were dominated by mixing of fracturing fluids and formation water.

ACS Style

Tianming Huang; Zhenbin Li; Bernhard Mayer; Michael Nightingale; Xiao Li; Guanfang Li; Yin Long; Zhonghe Pang. Identification of Geochemical Processes During Hydraulic Fracturing of a Shale Gas Reservoir: A Controlled Field and Laboratory Water‐Rock Interaction Experiment. Geophysical Research Letters 2020, 47, 1 .

AMA Style

Tianming Huang, Zhenbin Li, Bernhard Mayer, Michael Nightingale, Xiao Li, Guanfang Li, Yin Long, Zhonghe Pang. Identification of Geochemical Processes During Hydraulic Fracturing of a Shale Gas Reservoir: A Controlled Field and Laboratory Water‐Rock Interaction Experiment. Geophysical Research Letters. 2020; 47 (20):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianming Huang; Zhenbin Li; Bernhard Mayer; Michael Nightingale; Xiao Li; Guanfang Li; Yin Long; Zhonghe Pang. 2020. "Identification of Geochemical Processes During Hydraulic Fracturing of a Shale Gas Reservoir: A Controlled Field and Laboratory Water‐Rock Interaction Experiment." Geophysical Research Letters 47, no. 20: 1.

Paper
Published: 22 June 2020 in Hydrogeology Journal
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The Jimo hot spring in Shandong Peninsula, China, is a typical coastal geothermal system. The geothermal water has a very high salinity (10.8 g/L) and the origin of the salt is key to utilization of this geothermal resource. A systematic investigation of the hydrochemistry and isotopes (δ11B, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δD, 13CDIC and 14CDIC) of water from 14 geothermal wells was conducted. The results show that the geothermal waters from the high-temperature center and eastern part of the geothermal field are Cl-Na·Ca-type waters with Br/Cl (8 × 10−4–1.0 × 10−3), Na/Cl (0.63–0.70) and δ11B values (15.9–17.2‰) that are lower than those of seawater. The western geothermal waters are dominated by Cl-Na-type waters with Br/Cl and Na/Cl values similar to those of seawater. The depleted δD and δ18O compositions and the corrected 14CDIC age suggest that Jimo geothermal waters are mixtures of late Pleistocene to early Holocene and younger meteoric waters. An improved Br/Cl-Na/Cl diagram, ion mass balance calculations and δ11B values indicate that halite and K-salt dissolution and subsequent cation exchange formed the dominant Cl-Na·Ca-type geothermal water, and this was then modified into a small amount of Cl-Na-type water in the western area by mixing with minor seawater entrapped in the unconsolidated sediments. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.710613–0.710726) of the geothermal waters reflect water–rock reactions in the sandstone. The improved Br/Cl-Na/Cl diagram, Piper plot and boron isotopic dataset containing saline waters from coastal geothermal systems worldwide further confirm that the salinity in the Jimo geothermal water originated from dissolution of marine evaporites.

ACS Style

Yinlei Hao; Zhonghe Pang; Yanlong Kong; Jiao Tian; Yingchun Wang; Dawei Liao; Yifan Fan. Chemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of saline waters from a hot spring in the eastern coastal area of China. Hydrogeology Journal 2020, 28, 2457 -2475.

AMA Style

Yinlei Hao, Zhonghe Pang, Yanlong Kong, Jiao Tian, Yingchun Wang, Dawei Liao, Yifan Fan. Chemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of saline waters from a hot spring in the eastern coastal area of China. Hydrogeology Journal. 2020; 28 (7):2457-2475.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yinlei Hao; Zhonghe Pang; Yanlong Kong; Jiao Tian; Yingchun Wang; Dawei Liao; Yifan Fan. 2020. "Chemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of saline waters from a hot spring in the eastern coastal area of China." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 7: 2457-2475.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Water
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The baseline quality of pre-drilling shallow groundwater is essential for the evaluation of potential environmental impacts of shale gas development. The Xishui region in the northern Guizhou Province of Southwest China has the potential for shale gas development but there is a lack of commercial production. As for the future environmental concerns in this undeveloped area, this study presented the hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of shallow groundwater and its dissolved gas before shale gas development and determined the sensitive monitoring indicators. Results showed that shallow groundwater with an average pH of 7.73 had low total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging between 102 and 397 mg/L, with the main water chemistry types of HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Ca·Mg. The quality of most groundwater samples satisfied the drinking water standards of China. The mass concentration of dissolved methane in groundwater was below the detection limit (

ACS Style

Zhenbin Li; Tianming Huang; BaoQiang Ma; Yin Long; Fen Zhang; Jiao Tian; Yiman Li; Zhonghe Pang. Baseline Groundwater Quality before Shale Gas Development in Xishui, Southwest China: Analyses of Hydrochemistry and Multiple Environmental Isotopes (2H, 18O, 13C, 87Sr/86Sr, 11B, and Noble Gas Isotopes). Water 2020, 12, 1741 .

AMA Style

Zhenbin Li, Tianming Huang, BaoQiang Ma, Yin Long, Fen Zhang, Jiao Tian, Yiman Li, Zhonghe Pang. Baseline Groundwater Quality before Shale Gas Development in Xishui, Southwest China: Analyses of Hydrochemistry and Multiple Environmental Isotopes (2H, 18O, 13C, 87Sr/86Sr, 11B, and Noble Gas Isotopes). Water. 2020; 12 (6):1741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenbin Li; Tianming Huang; BaoQiang Ma; Yin Long; Fen Zhang; Jiao Tian; Yiman Li; Zhonghe Pang. 2020. "Baseline Groundwater Quality before Shale Gas Development in Xishui, Southwest China: Analyses of Hydrochemistry and Multiple Environmental Isotopes (2H, 18O, 13C, 87Sr/86Sr, 11B, and Noble Gas Isotopes)." Water 12, no. 6: 1741.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2020 in Geofluids
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A new significant aspect in the utilization of hydrothermal energy in China is the large-scale exploitation using multiwells from a single geothermal site. This requires detailed hydrogeochemical investigations to gain insight about deep groundwater circulation. At the Xiongxian karst geothermal site in North China, where the demonstration project of large-scale utilization was conducted, 40 boreholes with depths from 1000 to 1800 m were drilled in a region of 50 km2. A total of 25 water samples were collected, and temperature loggings were conducted in 16 of these wells. At the site scale, the hydraulic head was observed to decline from SW to NE, i.e., orthogonal to that at the regional scale. Moreover, the geothermal groundwater temperature, borehole temperature gradient, and heat flow in the caprock all exhibited the same spatial trend with the groundwater head. Based on the hydrogeochemical and temperature logging data, this was explained by mixing of lateral recharging groundwater with ascending thermal fluids through the Xiongxian Fault, after excluding the causes of pumping activities and geologic structure. In addition, geothermal groundwater 81Kr age was estimated to be approximately 760 k yr, which is much older than the 14C age of 20 to 30 k yr. The older 81Kr age implies a low renewability of deep groundwater circulation, which should be considered in terms of sustainable management in relation to the large-scale utilization of geothermal resources.

ACS Style

Yanlong Kong; Zhonghe Pang; Jumei Pang; Jie Li; Min Lyu; Sheng Pan. Fault-Affected Fluid Circulation Revealed by Hydrochemistry and Isotopes in a Large-Scale Utilized Geothermal Reservoir. Geofluids 2020, 2020, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Yanlong Kong, Zhonghe Pang, Jumei Pang, Jie Li, Min Lyu, Sheng Pan. Fault-Affected Fluid Circulation Revealed by Hydrochemistry and Isotopes in a Large-Scale Utilized Geothermal Reservoir. Geofluids. 2020; 2020 ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanlong Kong; Zhonghe Pang; Jumei Pang; Jie Li; Min Lyu; Sheng Pan. 2020. "Fault-Affected Fluid Circulation Revealed by Hydrochemistry and Isotopes in a Large-Scale Utilized Geothermal Reservoir." Geofluids 2020, no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2020 in Geothermal Energy
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The deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) shows great potential in seasonal thermal energy storage and its high performance efficiency with smaller land occupancy attracts increasing attention as a promising geothermal energy exploitation technique. With respect to a vertical BHE with extremely long length pipes buried underground, thermal analysis of the unsteady heat transfer process of the system is quite complicated. Due to the high temperature underground, the deeper part of BHE can extract more heat from the rock, which leads to a higher heat extraction rate. The heterogeneous distribution of heat flux density and geothermal gradient cannot be described properly by the existing analytical models. Although a full 3D numerical solution can reflect these features, it always requires high computational resources and presents numerical instabilities. In this paper, we propose a hybrid modeling method with high efficiency to simulate the temperature evolution inside the DBHE, and the heat propagation front in the surrounding rock mass. The temperature evolution inside the DBHE is solved by finite difference schemes, while the heat propagation in the surrounding rock is determined by an analytical formulation of thermal impacted radius. The coupling is achieved via source/sink term by incorporating the heat flux between the DBHE and the surrounding rock. Furthermore, an innovative analytical formulation describing the heat flux density is also presented, which accounts for the key parameters affecting the thermal performance of the DBHE system. Our proposed model is further verified against results with full 3D numerical solution under the same configurations. It is demonstrated that the proposed model can capture the key physical process of the heat transfer problem, while maintaining the calculation accuracy required by the engineering application. Regarding the calculation speed, the model results are around 30 times faster when compared to the full 3D numerical solution.

ACS Style

Yazhou Zhao; Zhonghe Pang; Yonghui Huang; Zhibo Ma. An efficient hybrid model for thermal analysis of deep borehole heat exchangers. Geothermal Energy 2020, 8, 1 -31.

AMA Style

Yazhou Zhao, Zhonghe Pang, Yonghui Huang, Zhibo Ma. An efficient hybrid model for thermal analysis of deep borehole heat exchangers. Geothermal Energy. 2020; 8 (1):1-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yazhou Zhao; Zhonghe Pang; Yonghui Huang; Zhibo Ma. 2020. "An efficient hybrid model for thermal analysis of deep borehole heat exchangers." Geothermal Energy 8, no. 1: 1-31.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2020 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
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While the global forest area is generally decreasing, various afforestation projects have been implemented, including the large‐scale Three‐North Afforestation Program (TNAP) and the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program in China, under which 0.63 million square kilometers of trees have been planted. The large‐scale land use and cover change (LUCC) would affect the redistribution of precipitation and change the water cycle, especially groundwater recharge. The chloride mass balance (CMB) between precipitation and soil water/groundwater is the most widely used technique to estimate the recharge in arid and semiarid areas. However, in the case of decreased recharge following LUCC, a new equilibrium of water and chloride flux is not easily reached and the identification of steady state is the premise to use CMB. This study provided a method to assess the steady state by comparing the history of LUCC and chloride cumulative age at sampling depth and by checking the breaks in the slope of the line for cumulative chloride and soil water. The case study in the Mu Us Sandy Land, affected by the TNAP, shows that soil profiles beneath sparse grassland, shrubland, and woodland have reached steady state. However, new equilibrium has not been reached in the soil profiles beneath the dense shrubland. The estimated recharge rates beneath the plantations represent reductions from 33% to >90% relative to the surrounding bare sandy land (50–54 mm/yr). The results highlight the unfavorable effects of some afforestation and ecological rehabilitation approaches in arid and semiarid areas on regional groundwater resources.

ACS Style

Tianming Huang; Zhonghe Pang; Shuo Yang; Lihe Yin. Impact of Afforestation on Atmospheric Recharge to Groundwater in a Semiarid Area. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2020, 125, 1 .

AMA Style

Tianming Huang, Zhonghe Pang, Shuo Yang, Lihe Yin. Impact of Afforestation on Atmospheric Recharge to Groundwater in a Semiarid Area. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2020; 125 (9):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianming Huang; Zhonghe Pang; Shuo Yang; Lihe Yin. 2020. "Impact of Afforestation on Atmospheric Recharge to Groundwater in a Semiarid Area." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 125, no. 9: 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2020 in Geothermics
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High temperature geothermal systems in China are mainly located along the Himalayan belt and one of the main problems during production is calcite scaling. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of calcite scaling and possible removal and prevention methods for the Kangding geothermal field in the Western Sichuan Plateau, as an example. Reservoir fluid composition is reconstructed based on geochemical processes that may take place from reservoir to surface. Results show that the fluid is HCO3⋅Cl-Na or Cl⋅HCO3-Na type with a temperature of 259−283 °C. It’s over-saturated with respect to calcite in both surface and reservoir conditions but under-saturated to quartz and amorphous silica, indicating that the calcite scaling will be a problem. For well BH6, the fluid pH is 5.63 at reservoir conditions and the steam fraction at the wellhead is about 6.0 %. Adiabatic boiling calculation indicates that from reservoir to surface conditions, CO32− and CaCO3 concentrations in the fluid keep increasing and the fluid evolves to become over-saturated with respect to calcite and the saturation index is higher than 0.5 and calcite precipitates in the pipeline. The boiling depth is estimated to be about 150 m from the wellhead which can provide a guide for scaling depth determination. The calcite scale quantity is calculated to be 151−300 kg or a thickness of 0–2.94 cm according to the pumping test, consistent with what has been observed. Calcite scale can be removed mechanically or prevented by injecting chemical inhibitor as well as thermodynamic methods (including injecting acid, CO2, cold water and putting the feeding pump below the boiling depth). Counter-measures should be chosen based on the mode of utilization and its cost. For well BH6 that is planned to be used for power generation, chemical inhibition may be the choice.

ACS Style

Yiman Li; Zhonghe Pang; Iwona Monika Galeczka. Quantitative assessment of calcite scaling of a high temperature geothermal well in the Kangding geothermal field of Eastern Himalayan Syntax. Geothermics 2020, 87, 101844 .

AMA Style

Yiman Li, Zhonghe Pang, Iwona Monika Galeczka. Quantitative assessment of calcite scaling of a high temperature geothermal well in the Kangding geothermal field of Eastern Himalayan Syntax. Geothermics. 2020; 87 ():101844.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yiman Li; Zhonghe Pang; Iwona Monika Galeczka. 2020. "Quantitative assessment of calcite scaling of a high temperature geothermal well in the Kangding geothermal field of Eastern Himalayan Syntax." Geothermics 87, no. : 101844.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2020 in Sustainability
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Necessary intermittence after heat extraction for a deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) is beneficial for sustainable operation. This paper centers on the fast simulation for thermal recovery characteristics of DBHE under intermittent condition. First of all, in view of the existing temperature gradient and multi-layer heterogeneity of rock underground that could never be ignored for DBHE, we extend the classical finite line source model based on heat source theory and superposition principle to account for the vertical heat flux distribution varying along depth and heterogeneous thermal conductivities in the multi-layer rock zone. Moreover, a fast simulation approach for heat transfer analysis inside the borehole coupled with the extended finite line source model is put forward to depict the transient thermal response and dynamic thermal recovery of rock outside borehole. To the authors’ knowledge, no such algorithm for deep BHE has yet been suggested in the previous literature. This approach has proven to be reliable and efficient enough for DBHE simulation under the intermittent condition. Simulation results show that at least 65 days of intermittence for the model in study should be spared after the heating season to achieve sustainable heat extraction in the next cyclic operation. Compared to the detailed solution based on full discretization numerical schemes, the relative error for borehole bottom temperature was 0.79%. In addition, comparison of the simulation results for thermal performance during the heating season in a three-year cyclic operation with 205 days intermittence shows that both the outflow temperature and heat extraction rate in the subsequent cycle after intermittence are in good agreement with the full 3D numerical solution in the reference (with a relative error of 6.36% for the outflow temperature and 9.3% for the heat extraction rate). Regarding the calculation speed, around a 13 times acceleration can be achieved. Finally, it is also promising to be applicable for thermal recovery simulation after heat extraction of vertical closed loop borehole heat exchangers at arbitrary length from shallow to deep.

ACS Style

Yazhou Zhao; Zhibo Ma; Zhonghe Pang. A Fast Simulation Approach to the Thermal Recovery Characteristics of Deep Borehole Heat Exchanger after Heat Extraction. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2021 .

AMA Style

Yazhou Zhao, Zhibo Ma, Zhonghe Pang. A Fast Simulation Approach to the Thermal Recovery Characteristics of Deep Borehole Heat Exchanger after Heat Extraction. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):2021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yazhou Zhao; Zhibo Ma; Zhonghe Pang. 2020. "A Fast Simulation Approach to the Thermal Recovery Characteristics of Deep Borehole Heat Exchanger after Heat Extraction." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 2021.

Journal article
Published: 29 February 2020 in Groundwater for Sustainable Development
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This study presents implementation of non-linear autoregressive model with exogenous inputs (NARX) of Artificial neural network (ANN), used for groundwater level (GWL) simulation to predict its weekly level up to 52 weeks ahead in selected 14 Permanent Hydrograph Stations (PHSs) in the drought prone Barind Tract in the northwestern part of Bangladesh and is considered to be the first attempt of this type in the country. In this regard, the weekly historical time series climatological data (rainfall, temperature, humidity and evaporation) during 1980–2017 have been used as input variables to forecast GWL. Auto-correlation of GWL time series data to find out the dependent relationship between current GWL to the previous level were carried out and cross-correlation between GWL and rainfall have been used to find out the effectiveness with time. Here GWL is mostly influenced by rainfall having lagged continuation with corresponding peak (max) and trough (min) of rainfall indicating time delayed response of 11.25–14.0 (avg. 12.73) weeks. Analysis before training of ANN reveals that NARX models are good in prediction. Moreover, rainfall has affected by climatological parameters where rainfall is one of the potential input parameter influencing GWL. In recent years, groundwater withdrawals are higher than the rainwater recharge to aquifer due to continuous expansion of irrigated agriculture in the area. Finally, present study as pioneer approach provides significant contributions for groundwater management in resource planning of Bangladesh.

ACS Style

Ripon Hasda; Ferozur Rahaman; Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan; Khademul Islam Molla; Quamrul Hasan Mazumder. Climatic data analysis for groundwater level simulation in drought prone Barind Tract, Bangladesh: Modelling approach using artificial neural network. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 2020, 10, 100361 .

AMA Style

Ripon Hasda, Ferozur Rahaman, Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan, Khademul Islam Molla, Quamrul Hasan Mazumder. Climatic data analysis for groundwater level simulation in drought prone Barind Tract, Bangladesh: Modelling approach using artificial neural network. Groundwater for Sustainable Development. 2020; 10 ():100361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ripon Hasda; Ferozur Rahaman; Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan; Khademul Islam Molla; Quamrul Hasan Mazumder. 2020. "Climatic data analysis for groundwater level simulation in drought prone Barind Tract, Bangladesh: Modelling approach using artificial neural network." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 10, no. : 100361.

Original article
Published: 12 February 2020 in Sustainable Water Resources Management
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In Bangladesh, the approach of water sector emphasises on the agenda like infrastructural development to meet the needs, neglecting governance issues in the water management institutions (WMIs) to achieve their sustainable development. However, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) is committed to work for SDG 2030 by addressing good governance issues in all sphere of its activities. In this context, present study is undertaken to assess the existing water governance status of the WMIs like the Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA); the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB); the Department of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE); and the Local Government and Engineering Department (LGED) as government agencies; and Development Association for Self-reliance, Communication and Health (DASCOH) is a non-government and non-profit organization selected purposively based on their activities in water sector in the drought-prone water scarce Barind Tract in the north-western part of country. The methodology for governance status assessment includes both quantitative and qualitative approaches; and eight indicators like institutions, transparency, accountability, participation, social equity, environmental integrity, efficiency, and effectiveness are taken into consideration where each indicator includes five sub-indicators. Considering individual performance, the assessment indicated that DASCOH Foundation performs ‘good’, BMDA and LGED show ‘moderate’, while BWDB and DPHE exhibited ‘bad’ performance. However, the overall governance status of WMIs falls under ‘moderate’ category. This result indicates that BWDB and DPHE should look into the governance issue seriously and take a rigorous action plan for its scaling up. On the other hand, BMDA and LGED should be careful about the indicators like transparency, accountability, participation, and social equity. The DASCOH Foundation is performing well by introducing noble concepts to institutionalise the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) under BWA (2013). Finally, there exist gap in governance issues of WMIs in coordination, technical capacity, and transparency in project selection, implementation, and citizen’s participation which should be considered seriously in managing water resources in sustainable manner.

ACS Style

Razzaqul Islam; Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan; Ferozur Rahaman; Quamrul Hasan Mazumder. Governance status in water management institutions in Barind Tract, Northwest Bangladesh: an assessment based on stakeholder’s perception. Sustainable Water Resources Management 2020, 6, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Razzaqul Islam, Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan, Ferozur Rahaman, Quamrul Hasan Mazumder. Governance status in water management institutions in Barind Tract, Northwest Bangladesh: an assessment based on stakeholder’s perception. Sustainable Water Resources Management. 2020; 6 (2):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Razzaqul Islam; Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan; Ferozur Rahaman; Quamrul Hasan Mazumder. 2020. "Governance status in water management institutions in Barind Tract, Northwest Bangladesh: an assessment based on stakeholder’s perception." Sustainable Water Resources Management 6, no. 2: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Applied Geochemistry
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Adel Abdelali; Imed Eddine Nezli; Rabah Kechiched; Said Attalah; Slimane Abdeldjabbar Benhamida; Zhonghe Pang. Geothermometry and geochemistry of groundwater in the Continental Intercalaire aquifer, southeastern Algeria: Insights from cations, silica and SO4–H2O isotope geothermometers. Applied Geochemistry 2020, 113, 1 .

AMA Style

Adel Abdelali, Imed Eddine Nezli, Rabah Kechiched, Said Attalah, Slimane Abdeldjabbar Benhamida, Zhonghe Pang. Geothermometry and geochemistry of groundwater in the Continental Intercalaire aquifer, southeastern Algeria: Insights from cations, silica and SO4–H2O isotope geothermometers. Applied Geochemistry. 2020; 113 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adel Abdelali; Imed Eddine Nezli; Rabah Kechiched; Said Attalah; Slimane Abdeldjabbar Benhamida; Zhonghe Pang. 2020. "Geothermometry and geochemistry of groundwater in the Continental Intercalaire aquifer, southeastern Algeria: Insights from cations, silica and SO4–H2O isotope geothermometers." Applied Geochemistry 113, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2020 in Chemical Geology
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Unlike the typical low-temperature (<150 °C) continental geothermal systems usually characterized by high N2, CH4 and CO2 concentrations but a trace H2 concentration, the sandstone-dominated Jimo hot spring on China's eastern coast exhibits: (1) abnormally high H2 concentrations (2.4–12.5 vol%) and H2/CH4 (up to 46.5); (2) depleted δD-H2 (−822 to −709‰), comparable to the Kansas hot springs near the Mid-Continent rift system with the most depleted δD-H2 (−836 to −740‰) recorded in nature; and (3) dramatic gas concentration and isotope ratio variations within an area of 0.2 km2. Gas chemistry and H-C-He-Ne isotope ratios are studied with reference to published H2 isotope data from various systems. The origin of the gas is most likely attributed to: (a) allochthonous abiotic H2 generated by the reduction of water and oxidation of FeII-rich pyroxene and olivine (serpentinization) in the basalt located 2 km away under near-surface conditions and migration to the deep sandstone reservoir; (b) primary thermogenic CH4 produced in the sandstone; (c) mixing with a considerable amount of microbial H2 from shallow fresh and marine sediments; and (d) biotic CH4 with typical abiotic signatures resulting from isotope exchanges with fluids high in H2/CH4 and CO2/CH4 ratios. Allochthonous abiotic H2 in a sandstone-dominated continental geothermal system and massive microbial fermentation-based H2 production in shallow fresh and residual marine sediments with insignificant but differential consumption activity are highlighted. The published hydrogen isotope ratios for H2 produced under various natural geological environmental and experimental conditions have been collected systematically to provide a fundamental framework and an initial tool for restricting the dominant origin of H2.

ACS Style

Yinlei Hao; Zhonghe Pang; Jiao Tian; Yingchun Wang; Zhongping Li; Liwu Li; Lantian Xing. Origin and evolution of hydrogen-rich gas discharges from a hot spring in the eastern coastal area of China. Chemical Geology 2020, 538, 119477 .

AMA Style

Yinlei Hao, Zhonghe Pang, Jiao Tian, Yingchun Wang, Zhongping Li, Liwu Li, Lantian Xing. Origin and evolution of hydrogen-rich gas discharges from a hot spring in the eastern coastal area of China. Chemical Geology. 2020; 538 ():119477.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yinlei Hao; Zhonghe Pang; Jiao Tian; Yingchun Wang; Zhongping Li; Liwu Li; Lantian Xing. 2020. "Origin and evolution of hydrogen-rich gas discharges from a hot spring in the eastern coastal area of China." Chemical Geology 538, no. : 119477.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2019 in Journal of Hydrology
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Characterization of the rainfall infiltration mechanism, whether piston or preferential flow, through an unsaturated zone is necessary for groundwater resource assessment and for analysis of environmental geological hazards. However, several limitations and difficulties remain in determining the infiltration mechanism in arid and semiarid areas. This study combines the evaluations of soil water infiltration characteristics, recharge rate, and determination of groundwater age at a water table in a semiarid loess tableland to examine the recharge processes. The case study is the Xifeng loess tableland in the Loess Plateau of China, which has an unsaturated zone depth of 40–75 m and an obvious 1963-3H peak at a depth of 7.5 m. According to the piston flow, the soil water infiltration velocity is 0.12–0.14 m/yr, corresponding to a recharge rate of 37–41 mm/yr, based on the 1963-3H peak and chloride mass balance method. All of the groundwater from the water table and wells is old (tritium-free), with ages ranging from hundreds of years to 20,000 years, which suggests that no rapid modern recharge has occurred since the 1950s. The chloride content of soil water in the deep unsaturated zone, with an average value of 10.8 mg/L in the unsaturated zone below 30 m, overlaps with that in groundwater, at 4.0–10.9 mg/L. The comprehensive isotopic and chemical compositions for soil water and groundwater showed that piston flow was dominant during soil water infiltration at the field scale, resulting in the delay of modern water and related solutes entering the groundwater. Combined evaluations of the unsaturated zone with those of the saturated zone and the use of multiple environmental tracers, such as Cl, Br, 2H, 18O, 13C, 3H and 14C, can be regarded as a generic framework for studying the recharge processes in arid and semiarid areas with thick unsaturated zones at macroscopic and field scales.

ACS Style

Tianming Huang; BaoQiang Ma; Zhonghe Pang; Zhi Li; Zhenbin Li; Yin Long. How does precipitation recharge groundwater in loess aquifers? Evidence from multiple environmental tracers. Journal of Hydrology 2019, 583, 124532 .

AMA Style

Tianming Huang, BaoQiang Ma, Zhonghe Pang, Zhi Li, Zhenbin Li, Yin Long. How does precipitation recharge groundwater in loess aquifers? Evidence from multiple environmental tracers. Journal of Hydrology. 2019; 583 ():124532.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianming Huang; BaoQiang Ma; Zhonghe Pang; Zhi Li; Zhenbin Li; Yin Long. 2019. "How does precipitation recharge groundwater in loess aquifers? Evidence from multiple environmental tracers." Journal of Hydrology 583, no. : 124532.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2019 in Journal of Hydrology
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Potential environmental impacts on shallow groundwater from shale gas development facilitated by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing is a widely debated “hot topic”. In terms of potential aqueous phase contamination (including flowback fluids and produced water), there is a large gap in knowledge of the indicators for routine monitoring and contamination tracing, which should be considered critical and should be prioritized for analysis. Since formation water from shale formations is the main source of flowback fluids and produced water, and there are significant differences in some specific inorganic geochemical and isotopic compositions between shallow groundwater and formation water, this study has provided a framework to determine sensitive monitoring and diagnostic indicators for tracing potential groundwater contamination from produced water using end-member analysis. The results from a case study of the Fuling Gasfield, Sichuan Basin, SW China as the first and largest commercial shale gas development site in China, shows that produced authentic formation water with similar Br/Cl and Na/Cl ratio with seawater and low δ2H and δ18O values compared to the evaporated seawater might originate from evaporated seawater modified by water-rock interactions and be mixed with fresh meteoric water. The inorganic geochemical and isotopic indicators, such as Ba, Li, Na, Cl, Br, 87Sr/86Sr (as εSrsw) and δ11B are sensitive to the detection of contamination of fresh shallow groundwater by produced formation water, even in very small fractions (0.05%). Meanwhile, we present a groundwater contamination case related to shale gas development in the Fuling Gasfield. The robust conservative geochemical (Cl and Br) and isotopic (δ11B and εSrsw) mass balances show that 0.2%–0.9% of formation water entered the shallow groundwater causing contamination. The case has also confirmed the effectiveness of those indicators. Findings from this study may help to improve groundwater monitoring and environmental regulations in countries with shale gas exploration and development.

ACS Style

Tianming Huang; Zhonghe Pang; Zhenbin Li; Yiman Li; Yinlei Hao. A framework to determine sensitive inorganic monitoring indicators for tracing groundwater contamination by produced formation water from shale gas development in the Fuling Gasfield, SW China. Journal of Hydrology 2019, 581, 124403 .

AMA Style

Tianming Huang, Zhonghe Pang, Zhenbin Li, Yiman Li, Yinlei Hao. A framework to determine sensitive inorganic monitoring indicators for tracing groundwater contamination by produced formation water from shale gas development in the Fuling Gasfield, SW China. Journal of Hydrology. 2019; 581 ():124403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianming Huang; Zhonghe Pang; Zhenbin Li; Yiman Li; Yinlei Hao. 2019. "A framework to determine sensitive inorganic monitoring indicators for tracing groundwater contamination by produced formation water from shale gas development in the Fuling Gasfield, SW China." Journal of Hydrology 581, no. : 124403.

Journal article
Published: 07 October 2019 in Groundwater for Sustainable Development
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Bangladesh is a riverine country, but its north-western part, popularly known as Barind Tract, is mostly drought-prone and faces scarcity of water. Because of very limited surface water resource, groundwater is the main source of water for drinking and irrigation purposes. The increasing demand and withdrawal of groundwater result permanent depletion of groundwater level (GWL). Due to low infiltration capacity the monsoon rainwater cannot percolate through thick surface clay layer (Barind Clay of Pleistocene age). So an attempt is made in the present study for artificial recharge of aquifer by adopting Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) model through recharge well (RW) and recharge shaft (RS) installed in Khari (canal) bed for infiltrating flowing rainy season storm water. The study also compares performance and effectiveness of application of conventional MAR model with the modified engineering model as viable adaptive menu to restore the depleting GWL. The conventional MAR model has functioned well initially, but recharge rate (RR) has gradually reduced (1.5–2.5 L/min) from the initial stage (28.64–48.0 L/min) due to clogging of the recharge units with clay (Barind Clay). To improve the recharge capacity, modification of the engineering design in MAR model has been adopted and their performance have been assessed. In modified MAR model, it is possible to replace clogged sand layer any time even during storm water surge in the Khari. Performance was more effective with increased amount of recharge than that of conventional one in the long run. Moreover, the groundwater quality has improved due to dilution process, and found suitable for drinking purpose within acceptable and allowable limits of BDWS (2005) and WHO (2008). Finally, in-depth research activities and regular monitoring and maintenance are necessary for fruitful operation of MAR model to elevate the water scarcity for drinking and irrigation purposes in the area.

ACS Style

Iquebal Hossain; Niamul Bari; Shafi Uddin Miah; Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan; Ferozur Rahaman. Performance of MAR model for stormwater management in Barind Tract, Bangladesh. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 2019, 10, 100285 .

AMA Style

Iquebal Hossain, Niamul Bari, Shafi Uddin Miah, Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan, Ferozur Rahaman. Performance of MAR model for stormwater management in Barind Tract, Bangladesh. Groundwater for Sustainable Development. 2019; 10 ():100285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iquebal Hossain; Niamul Bari; Shafi Uddin Miah; Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan; Ferozur Rahaman. 2019. "Performance of MAR model for stormwater management in Barind Tract, Bangladesh." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 10, no. : 100285.

Journal article
Published: 13 September 2019 in Applied Geochemistry
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High-temperature geothermal fluids dissolve constituents pertinent to water-rock interaction and magmatic volatile absorption, resulting in high total dissolved solid (TDS) values. However, this study focuses on the hydrochemical evolution of the low-salinity HCO3–Na type high-temperature geothermal fluid in Cuopu, eastern Himalayas. The geothermal water is recharged by local precipitation and glacier water from surrounding mountains. The TDS values are no more than 834 mg/L and the constituents are mainly from the dissolution of minerals by water and carbon dioxide lacking magmatic volatile dissolved in the fluid. Thermal waters reach an almost complete chemical equilibrium with the feldspar or plagioclase-enriched reservoir rock in a reducing condition. The reservoir temperature is between 175 °C–200 °C, while the hot crust may reach up to 400 °C in the deep crust as indicated by the carbon isotopic exchange equilibrium between CO2 and CH4. The infiltrated glacier water was heated during its circulation deep within the hot thickened crust and continued dissolving the crustal metamorphic gas, such as radiogenic helium and limestone metamorphic CO2, until the junction of the two sets of faults provided an ascending channel for the geothermal fluid. Upon rising along the conduit and dispersing in the anisotropic porous Quaternary sediments, the geothermal water mixed with groundwater to different degrees, and approximately 0.015 mol/L CO2 escaped from the geothermal fluid when it scattered as bubbling hot springs on the surface. The formation of low salinity alkaline Na–HCO3 type water in the thickened hot crust may be a typical mechanism of the high-temperature geothermal system in the Himalayas.

ACS Style

Jiao Tian; Zhonghe Pang; Yingchun Wang; Qi Guo. Fluid geochemistry of the Cuopu high temperature geothermal system in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis with implication on its genesis. Applied Geochemistry 2019, 110, 104422 .

AMA Style

Jiao Tian, Zhonghe Pang, Yingchun Wang, Qi Guo. Fluid geochemistry of the Cuopu high temperature geothermal system in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis with implication on its genesis. Applied Geochemistry. 2019; 110 ():104422.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiao Tian; Zhonghe Pang; Yingchun Wang; Qi Guo. 2019. "Fluid geochemistry of the Cuopu high temperature geothermal system in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis with implication on its genesis." Applied Geochemistry 110, no. : 104422.