The main objective was to explore the relationship between the microbiota of human milk and adiposity in Mexican mothers during the first lactation stage. Methods: Seventy lactating women were included. Adiposity by anthropometric measurements and by bioelectric impedance was obtained. The donation of human milk was requested, from which bacterial DNA was extracted and qPCR of the 16S region was performed. The Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman and Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regressions models were also calculated. Results: The median percentage of Bacteroidetes had a direct and significant correlation with normal adiposity, current BMI, waist circumference, and body fat percentage. The correlation with current BMI became significantly inverse in women with BMI ≥ 25. In women with normal BMI, the percentage of Actinobacteria showed a direct and significant correlation with current BMI, waist circumference, and percentage of body fat. Multiple linear regressions showed that pre-pregnancy BMI was the variable with the highest predictive value with the Bacteroidetes phyla in normal BMI and in BMI ≥ 25. Conclusions: the adiposity of the woman before pregnancy and during lactation would have an important effect on the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in human milk.

The objective of this study was to validate and measure the internal reliability of the Baby and Child Eating Behavior Questionnaires for Toddlers (BEBQ-Mex and CEBQ-T-Mex), that evaluate appetitive trait (ATs). Mothers recruited from a public hospital in Guadalajara, Mexico, completed the BEBQ-Mex or CEBQ-T-Mex along with information on sociodemographic characteristics. Internal reliability of the BEBQ-Mex was sufficient for Food Responsiveness (FR) (Cronbach α = 0.82), while Enjoyment of Food (EF) and Satiety Responsiveness (SR) showed poor reliability (α = 0.56) and Slowness in Eating (SE) had unacceptable reliability (a = 0.36). All reliability values for the CEBQ-T-Mex were acceptable (>0.70), except for SE (α = 0.64). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed an adequate model fit for the BEBQ-Mex, except the SE subscale. CFA for the CEBQ-T-Mex confirmed the six-factor structure. Mothers of a low sociodemographic background were unable to recognize their infants’ ATs; the BEBQ-Mex partly met the criteria for validity and reliability. Mothers from similar sociodemographic characteristics were more able to recognize the ATs of their toddlers than their infants; the CEBQ-T-Mex was found to be a valid and reliable tool. Findings support the need to help mothers’ ability to recognize their infants’ ATs, which have been previously associated with weight and growth.

To identify and discuss the efficacy of dietary interventions, antioxidant supplementation, physical activity, and nutritional and psychologic counseling in the treatment of children and adolescents with non alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with obesity. A scoping review of studies on nutritional and educational interventions and physical activity in pediatric patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease was conducted. A search for randomized clinical trials or quasi-experimental studies published up to December 2017 was carried out, utilizing seven databases (Medline, EBSCO, OVID, Science Direct, JSTOR, Wiley, and Biblioteca Digital UDG). From a total of 751 articles, 729 were excluded due to the criteria of age, design, language, diagnostic method, and outcome variables. The analysis included 22 articles. The most frequently used intervention variables were diet and physical activity. The interventions had different durations, but most were carried out for one year. Some authors employed ascorbic acid, vitamin E, or omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. There were varying degrees of improvement in the variables analyzed in the majority of the studies, such as a decrease in ALT levels, a reduced frequency of steatosis determined through imaging studies, and a decrease in body mass index. The dietary interventions, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, physical activity, and nutritional and psychologic counseling were identified as efficacious measures in the treatment of non alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with obesity in children and adolescents, according to biochemical or imaging study indicators, within the time frame of the intervention.

The polyamine content of human breast milk, which is the first exogenous source of polyamines for the newborn, can be affected by several factors associated with the mother, the infant, or breastfeeding itself. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different breastfeeding factors on the polyamines found in human milk. For this study, a cohort of 83 mothers was considered for up to 4 months, and a subgroup of 33 mothers were followed during the first six months of breastfeeding. Two breast milk samples were collected at each sampling point (foremilk and hindmilk) and the polyamine content was determined by UHPLC-FL. Polyamine levels varied considerably between the mothers and tended to decrease over time. Putrescine was the minor polyamine, whereas spermidine and spermine contents were very similar. The concentrations of the three polyamines were significantly higher in hindmilk than foremilk (p < 0.001). Spermidine and spermine levels decreased significantly through the lactation progress (p < 0.05). Finally, slightly higher levels of polyamines were observed in the milk of mothers providing partial, rather than full, breastfeeding, although the differences were not significant. The polyamine content in human milk was found to change during a single feed (foremilk versus hindmilk) and as lactation progressed, mainly in response to the specific circumstances of the newborn.

It has been accepted that satiety‐ and appetite‐stimulating hormones play a role in the regulation of food intake and body composition during and after the lactation stage. Therefore, the purpose was to demonstrate that serum appetite‐regulating hormones in infants differ according to anthropometric indicators and type of feeding. In a nonrandom cohort study, 169 mother–newborn dyads whose pregnancy and birth were attended at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara were enrolled. According to the type of feeding, infants were classified as full breastfeeding (FBF), partial breastfeeding (PBF), and infants receiving human milk substitutes (HMS). Serum concentrations of ghrelin (pg/ml), leptin (ng/ml), peptide YY (pg/ml), and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) (pM) were measured. Anthropometric measurements including weight, length, cephalic, arm circumference, tricipital, and subscapular skinfolds were obtained. Weight/age, weight/height, height/age, and BMI Z‐score indexes were estimated. We performed one‐way ANOVA, unpaired Student's t test, post hoc Tukey test, and Pearson correlation tests. The ANOVA comparison of the three feeding types showed significant differences in most anthropometric indicators (z‐scores), especially between infants receiving FBF versus HMS and particularly on indicators of adiposity; no differences were observed in length and cephalic circumference z‐scores at 8th and 16th weeks. Further, significant correlations were found between most of the adiposity indicators with ghrelin, leptin, and GLP‐1, especially in infants who received FBF. There were differences in anthropometric and body composition parameters among infants receiving FBF, PBF, and HMS. There were significant correlations between body composition indicators with ghrelin, leptin, and GLP‐1 mainly in infants receiving FBF.

Objetivo. Analizar los resultados de un protocolo de estudio de las heces en una serie de lactantes y prescolares con diarrea aguda. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal descriptivo efectuado entre abril de 1999 y marzo de 2000 en una muestra de 288 prescolares y lactantes, atendidos en un consultorio pediátrico no institucional de la ciudad de Guadalajara, México. La edad promedio fue de 23.1±13.9 meses. El 43% fueron niñas. Se tomaron datos generales sociodemográficos y clínicos. Las heces se estudiaron con frotis en fresco, tinciones de azul de metileno y Kinyoun. Se analizaron pH y sustancias reductoras. Se hizo coprocultivo en casos con ³3 leucocitos/campo y el antígeno de rotavirus se midió en casos seleccionados. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, ji², RM e intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados. Agentes identificados (% del total de muestras estudiadas): Rotavirus 47.1, Campylobacter jejuni 27.4, Salmonella spp. 5.1,Shigella spp. 4.3, Cryptosporidium parvum 2.8, Giardia lamblia 2.4, Blastocystis hominis 1.4, Entamoeba histolytica 0.7. La RM para aislamiento de bacterias enteropatógenas en presencia de leucocitos fue de 5.7. Intolerancia a la lactosa en 19.1% de la muestra. La frecuencia de rotavirus e intolerancia a la lactosa fue mayor en lactantes; la RM para intolerancia a la lactosa en casos con rotavirus fue de 21. La presencia de moco y sangre se asoció con agentes bacterianos y con Cryptosporidium parvum. Conclusiones. Con el protocolo aplicado fue posible identificar en forma inmediata agentes parasitarios, rotavirus e intolerancia a hidratos de carbono. La presencia de leucocitos en las heces se asoció con el aislamiento de bacterias enteroinvasoras. La frecuencia de agentes patógenos identificados fue similar a la de otras series nacionales. Este algoritmo puede limitar la prescripción de fármacos y la manipulación dietética exclusivamente a las indicaciones universalmente aceptadas.