Incorporating NiO NTs in perovskite films provided an enhanced grain size and charge extraction, resulting in an improved PCE of 19.3%.

The sensitive characteristics of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can be applied to various fields, and this has been of interest to many researchers. Propagating surface plasmon resonance (PSPR) was initially utilized but, recently, it has been studied coupled with localized surface plasmon resonance that occurs in metal nanostructures. In this study, a new type of metal microstructure, named crater, was used for generating PSPR and Ag nanowires (AgNWs) for the generation of LSPR. A crater structure was fabricated on a GaAs (100) wafer using the wet chemical etching method. Then, a metal film was deposited inside the crater, and AgNWs were uniformly coated inside using the spray coating method. Metal films were used to enhance the electromagnetic field when coupled with AgNWs to obtain a high SERS intensity. The SERS intensity measured inside the crater structure with deposited AgNWs was up to 17.4 times higher than that of the flat structure with a deposited Ag film. These results suggest a new method for enhancing the SERS phenomenon, and it is expected that a larger SERS intensity can be obtained by fine-tuning the crater size and diameter and the length of the AgNWs.