Background and Aim: The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has opened new avenues for biomedical applications, particularly in antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer therapies. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using plant extracts offers an eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative to traditional chemical methods. This study explores the synthesis of ZnO-NPs using Syzygium aromaticum (clove) bud extract (CBE) and evaluates their multifaceted biomedical potential, including anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: Clove bud extract-zinc oxide nanoparticles (CBE-ZnO-NPs) were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses to confirm their size, morphology, elemental composition, and surface properties. The anticancer efficacy was tested against tongue carcinoma (HNO-97) cells using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus, while anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated using a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Results: The SEM analysis confirmed a non-uniform shape of ZnO-NPs, while FTIR revealed functional groups responsible for stabilization and bioactivity. DLS measurements indicated an average particle size of 249.8 nm with a zeta potential of − 3.38 mV, ensuring moderate colloidal stability. BET analysis demonstrated a high porosity (30.039 m²/g) and a mean particle size of 19.52 nm. CBE-ZnO-NPs exhibited moderate anticancer activity against tongue carcinoma cells (IC₅₀ > 100 μg/mL), potent antibacterial activity (MIC = 62.5– 125 μg/mL), and anti-inflammatory effects (IC₅₀ = 69.3 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of CBE-ZnO-NPs as a promising multi-functional nanomaterial with potent antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The findings pave the way for further exploration of ZnO-based nanotherapeutics in biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy, infection control, and inflammatory disorders.

Virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. is frequently life-threatening and often challenging to treat, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates presents a critical problem for patients. The aim of the study was concerned with molecular analysis of the virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance profile of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA). Out of 44 MDRPA isolates, 12 isolates representing different resistance profiles and sources of samples were selected for further molecular studies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches were applied to identify the genes implicated in antimicrobial resistance or virulence factors in the selected MDRPA isolates. Multidrug-resistance (pstS), β-lactamase (IMP7, IMP10, IMP13, and IMP25), and extended spectrum β-lactamase (blaOXA50) genes were detected in all of the selected MDRPA isolates. However, only 4 (33%) MDRPA isolates were positive for the presence of the extended spectrum β-lactamase (blaOXA2) gene. Furthermore, the hemolytic phospholipase C precursor gene (plcH) was detected in all PCR products of the tested MDRPA isolates while the exotoxin A (toxA) gene was absent. Other virulence genes were detected with variable percentage in tested isolates. The statistical analysis revealed a significantly positive correlation (r = 0.779, P = 0.002) between virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance marker profiles of the tested MDRPA isolates.

Aquatic organisms are a rich source of novel and bioactive compounds. Cyanobacteria and microalgae being a rich source of bioactive compounds have recently found immense application in human and animal medicine. The present study was attempted to find out the effect of the various extracts of Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Saragassum wightii and Saragassum latifolium using different solvents (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) as antimicrobial agents against five bacterial pathogens; S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp. Results indicate that among the various extracts used, methanol extracts of tested cyanobacterial and algal species appeared to be the most effective ones showing maximum antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial pathogens. Spirulina platensis appeared to be the most effective against all the pathogens studied. The antibacterial substance was purified using column chromatography. The nature of the purified active fractions was detected using different chemical analyses (UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR and GC-MS) which indicated that it is an aliphatic compound and has different active groups (-OH,-C=O,-CH2 and –CH3). The results of this investigation proved that the tested cyanobacterium could be a good source for the production of promising antimicrobial agents.

Objective: The objective was to determine the antibacterial activity of Salvadora persica extract against bacteria isolated from dental plaque of patients. Materials and Methods: Out of 40 different clinical specimens collected from patients suffering from plaque-induced gingivitis, 12 Staphylococcus aureus and 8 Streptococcus sp. isolates were recovered. The isolates were screened for their biofilm-forming capacity using tissue culture plate (TCP), tube method (TM), and congo red agar (CRA) method. Antibacterial activity of methanolic S. persica extract as well as of commercial antimicrobials against tested isolates was performed. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) analysis were performed for S. persica crude extract and its volatile oil, respectively, to determine their constituents. Results: Out of 20 isolates, 80%, 85%, and 90% showed positive results using TM, CRA, and TCP, respectively. The highest antimicrobial activity of methanolic S. persica extract was observed at 200 mg/ml. HPLC-MS analysis shows many polyphenols in S. persica extract such as Chrysin-8-c-β-D-glucopyranoside, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and stigmasterol. Chemical composition of the essential oil of S. persica was determined by GC-MS yield; a mixture of monoterpene and hydrocarbons. The major compounds were butylated hydroxytoluene followed by benzene (isothiocyanatomethyl). Conclusion: Methanolic extract of S. persica had significant antibacterial effect against S. aureus and Streptococcus sp. isolates, and it may be gave a good alternative method for controlling oral pathogen.