Background and Aim: Mastitis has been identified as the most prevalent and economically imperative disease among dairy animals. Thus, understanding its common bacterial pathogens and risk factors is necessary to improve udder health at herd, region, or country level. However, scientific research on caprine mastitis, especially on Beetal breed, has remained to be insufficient in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and antibiogram assay of common mastitis-causing bacterial agents, that is, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli, in dairy goats. Materials and Methods: In total, 500 Beetal goats, irrespective of age and those that were not treated with any kind of antimicrobial agents during the past 120 h, were screened using California Mastitis Test in Pattoki, Kasur District, whereas epidemiological factors were recorded. The milk samples of mastitic goats were then collected and processed using standard methods. Each sample was primarily cultured on nutrient agar. Using a specific medium, each bacterial colony was separated using several streak methods. Six antibiotic disks belonging to different antibiotic groups were used for antibiogram profiling of bacterial isolates. Chi-square test was used to assess the association of baseline characteristics and mastitis occurrence. Meanwhile, multivariable logistic regression (p<0.001) was utilized to determine the risk factors associated with positive and negative dichotomous outcome of mastitis. Results: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of goat mastitis was 309 (61.8%), in which 260 (52%) and 49 (9.8%) cases were positive for subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM), respectively. Streptococcus and E. coli were found to be the predominant isolates causing SCM and CM, respectively (p<0.001). It was observed that amoxicillin+clavulanic acid was highly sensitive to isolates of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and ceftiofur sodium to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli, while enrofloxacin was found to be sensitive to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli. Risk factors such as herd structure, deworming, vaccination, presence of ticks, use of teat dip and mineral supplements, feeding type, age, parity, housing, blood in the milk, milk leakage, milk taste, and milk yield were found to have the strongest association with mastitis occurrence, while ease of milking has moderate association. Conclusion: In the area examined, cases of SCM were found to be higher compared with that of CM, and ceftiofur sodium has been identified as the preferred treatment in both clinical and subclinical forms of caprine mastitis in Beetal goats. Risk factors for mastitis that was identified in this study can form the basis for the creation of an udder health control program specific for dairy goats. We hope our findings could raise awareness of the risk factors and treatment approaches for common mastitis-causing bacterial agents.

Lumpy skin disease is important disease of livestock sector posing a big problem to livestock sector and economy. The virus belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae, which also contains sheep pox virus and goat pox virus. LSD is enzootic in several African countries. Since 2012, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the eastern Europe regions, southern Caucasus and parts of the Russian Federation as well as parts of Asia. It is one of the most serious health issues confronting the global cattle business. In addition to the international trade embargo and animal movement restrictions, the disease causes major economic losses owing to skin damage, reduced meat and milk production, infertility, mastitis, and mortality. Lumpy skin disease spread more rapidly in Province Sindh and some parts of province Punjab. Since March 2022, verifiable epidemiological data has revealed a 33% morbidity rate and a 0.6% mortality rate in Pakistan. The southern Punjab cattles were more affected with lumpy skin diseases as compared to northern Punjab. Mortality and infection rate of lumpy skin disease become double during Eid al Adha. The first LSD outbreak was detected in southern Pakistan in November 2021 and notified by the government on March 4th, 2022. Since 2019, LSD has been detected in India, China, and Iran, all of which share Pakistan's border possibly indicating a transboundary transmission channel from Iran and India, both of which border southern Pakistan. LSD is unquestionably posing a danger to dent Pakistan's livestock sector and business.

This study was designed to analyze genetic variation between Indian peafowl available at different locations by targeting the Cytochrome b gene. A total of ten birds (n=10) were selected randomly for sample collection. Five birds were selected from Government sector and five from private breeding farms. DNA was extracted, purified and measured by using Nano drop. Extracted DNA was amplified using universal primers targeting Cytochrome b gene on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR product was run on a gel for the desired DNA bands. DNA from gel was eluted and sent for sequencing. The sequences were compared with a reference reported sequence of cyt b gene of Indian peafowl with Accession No. L08379.1to find out the genetic diversity. Indian peafowl of government sector showed more similarity ³95% rather than bird of private sector with ³90% homology with reference Accession No. More genetic variation, which is the guarantee of resistance to disease and environmental fitness among the Indian peafowl at private sector, might be due to random reproductive behavior.

This study examines the roosting site selection and seasonal dynamics of the Indian flying fox ( Pteropus medius Te m minck, 1825) in relation to environmental and anthropogenic factors. Fifteen roosting sites located in Okara, Kasur and Lahore districts , Punjab, Pakistan were investigated over a two-year period from July 2022 to June 2024. A total of 202 trees were used by P . medius as roosting sites representing 28 species, 23 genera and 10 families. Roosting sites with higher bat populations were dominated by Bombax ceiba (16.3%), Eucalyptus sp. (9.9%), and Pinus strobus (8.4%) during winter whereas Syzygium cumini (7.9%), Swietenia mahagoni (6.4%) and Ficus benjamina (6.4%) were more frequently occupied during summer. Significant seasonal fluctuations in bat numbers were observed with protected sites showing minimal changes while non-protected sites had higher bat populations in winter. Protected areas, such as Changa Manga Forest provided more stable env i ronmental conditions, leading to higher and more stable bat populations. The correlation matrix revealed that permanent roos t ing sites were more strongly associated with higher bat populations. Additionally, bat abundance was positively correlated with canopy cover (r = 0.499), tree diameter at breast height (r = 0.501) and tree height (r = 0.122). Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted temperature, humidity, and vegetation as key environmental factors influencing roost site selection. The analysis also revealed that anthropogenic activities such as tree cutting and hunting negatively affect bat populations. Accor d ing to PCA, protected permanent roosts in natural habitats with minimum human interference scored highest followed by pe r manent protected sites in urban areas, with temporary non-protected sites scoring lowest. A 1.7% decline in bat numbers was recorded over the study period, particularly at non-protected sites due to human-induced disturbances. The findings highlighted the critical need for conservation of roosting habitats, particularly in light of the ongoing threats posed by human activities and climate change.