Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the leading cause of blindness in adults. DR pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, but inflammation is widely accepted to play an important role. Emerging evidence suggests that the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are novel potential markers of inflammatory responses. The present study aimed to evaluate the associations between DR and the PLR, MLR, and NLR. Patients and Methods: We performed a case-control study involving 247 patients with T2DM. The patients were divided into three groups: 125 control subjects with T2DM, 63 diabetic subjects with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 59 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Results: The mean PLR and NLR were significantly higher in patients with DR compared with patients without DR (p < 0.01, p = 0.02, respectively). The mean MLR in the NPDR group was higher than that of patients without DR, but there were no significant differences among the three groups (p = 0.07). Logistic regression showed that the MLR was an independent risk factor for DR (odds ratio [OR]: 54.574, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.708–1099.907). Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, use of the MLR as an indicator for DR diagnosis was projected to be 2.25, and yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 47.1% and 69.6%, respectively, with an area under the curve of 0.581 (95% CI: 0.510–0.653). Conclusions: The PLR and NLR are significantly increased in the setting of DR. After correcting for possible confounding factors, the MLR was found to be a risk factor for DR. Although the MLR may be pathophysiologically and clinically relevant in DR, its predictive ability was limited.

Objective: Age-related macular degeneration(AMD) has become a major cause of visual impairment worldwide, especially in the elderly. Estimates of incidence, progression rates, and risk factors of AMD vary among studies, complicating the understanding of its epidemiology. Methods: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, literature published up to March 1, 2021, was searched in both English and Chinese databases. Hierarchical Bayesian approaches were used to estimate pooled incidence, progression, and 95% credible intervals (CrIs). Results: Thirty studies were included. The pooled annual early and late AMD incidence rates were 1.59 (95% CrI: 1.18–2.11) and 0.23 (95% CrI: 0.14–0.34) per 100 person-years, respectively. The annual progression rate of AMD was 5.5 (95% CrI: 2.3–8.8) per 100 person-years. Smoking was an independent risk factor for both early and late AMD, whereas age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alcohol consumption were risk factors for early AMD incidence only. The projected number of new cases of early and late AMD in 2050 would be 39.05 million (95% CrI: 23.12–63.57) and 6.41 million (95% CrI: 3.37–13.22), respectively. Conclusion: The prediction the number of new cases of AMD is not equal across the globe. Our findings indicate the need for more rigorous control and prevention measures in AMD focus on its risk factors for early intervention. The epidemiological estimates reported in this study could inform to identify effective strategies for preventing AMD worldwide.

Background: To assess the burden and change in incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for all-cause-specific injuries among children and adolescents in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019. Materials and methods: Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease, Injury, and Risk Factor Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Global, regional, and country-level age-standardized rate (per 100 000) of incidence (ASRI), mortality (ASRM), and DALYs (ASRD) with 95% uncertainty interval (95% UI) of injuries were estimated by age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), and all-cause-specific injuries from 1990 to 2019. Results: Overall, the ASRI, ASRM, and ASRD of injury were 9006.18 (95% UI: 7459.74–10 918.04), 23.04 (20.00–26.50), and 2020.19 (1759.47–2318.64) among children and adolescents worldwide in 2019, respectively. All the above indicators showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2019. In level 2 cause of injury, both the global transport injury and unintentional injury declined during the study years, while self-harm and interpersonal violence-related injury showed an increasing trend. High SDI regions had higher ASRI of injuries, but low SDI regions had higher ASRM and ASRD of injuries globally in 2019. Males had a higher burden of injuries than those in females. The ASRI of injuries is higher in adolescents aged 15–19 years, whereas the mortality and DALYs rate are higher among children under 5 years old. Moreover, adolescents aged 15–19 years and individuals living in Central Asia, Middle East, and Africa had higher ASRI, ASRM, and ASRD of injuries owing to self-harm and interpersonal violence. Generally, falls and road traffic injuries are the leading cause of injury among the population aged 0–19 years worldwide, but self-harm, interpersonal violence, and conflict and terrorism are also leading types of injuries in some regions, particularly in Low-Income Countries and Middle-Income Countries. Conclusions: Injury remains a major global public health problem among children and adolescents, although its burden at the worldwide level showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2019. Of concern, the burden of injuries caused by transport injuries, and unintentional injuries has shown a downward trend in most countries, while the burden caused by self-harm and interpersonal violence has shown an upward trend in most countries. These findings suggest that more targeted and specific strategies to prevent the burden of injuries should be reoriented, and our study provides important findings for decision-makers and healthcare providers to reduce injury burden among children and adolescents.

The complex drug delivery barrier in the eye reduces the bioavailability of many drugs, resulting in poor therapeutic effects. It is necessary to investigate new drugs through appropriate delivery routes and vehicles. Nanotechnology has utilized various nano-carriers to develop potential ocular drug delivery techniques that interact with the ocular mucosa, prolong the retention time of drugs in the eye, and increase permeability. Additionally, nano-carriers such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nano-suspensions, nano-micelles, and nano-emulsions have grown in popularity as an effective theranostic application to combat different microbial superbugs. In this review, we summarize the nano-carrier based drug delivery system developments over the last decade, particularly review the biology, methodology, approaches, and clinical applications of nano-carrier based drug delivery system in the field of ocular therapeutics. Furthermore, this review addresses upcoming challenges, and provides an outlook on potential future trends of nano-carrier-based drug delivery approaches in ophthalmology, and hopes to eventually provide successful applications for treating ocular diseases.

The aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and cause of eye injury at global, regional, and national levels by age and sex based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This is a retrospective demographic analysis based on aggregated data. GBD 2019 included the burden of eye injury worldwide and its temporal and spatial characteristics in the past three decades. The Bayesian meta-regression tool and DisMod-MR 2.1 were used to analyse the estimates based on a linear regression mode of the age-standardised rates (ASR). Average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated to represent the temporal trends of the ASR. Globally, there were 59,933.29 thousand (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 45,772.34-77,084.03) incident cases and 438.4 thousand (95% UI: 132.44-898.38) YLDs of eye injury in 2019. Both the ASR of incidence and YLDs decreased from 1990 to 2019, with AAPC -0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.52 to -0.39) and -0.45 (95% CI: -0.52 to -0.39), respectively. Males had higher rates of incidence and YLDs in all age groups. Young and middle-aged adults had higher disease burdens. Regionally, Australasia had the highest ASR of YLDs to be 9.51 (95% UI: 3.00-19.58) per 100,000. Nationally, New Zealand had the highest burden of eye injury to be 11.33 (95% UI: 3.57-23.10) per 100,000. Foreign bodies, exposure to mechanical forces, and falls were the main causes of global eye injury burden in 2019, and there was an increased worldwide burden due to road injuries and executions and police conflict compared with 1990. Our findings suggest that the incidence and burden of eye injury have decreased over the last 30 years, while the absolute number of eye injuries has substantially increased, representing a major public health concern. Males and young adults were affected to a greater degree than females and elder individuals. More attention should be paid to road injuries and executions and police conflict in order to prevent eye injury. Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (GDPH) Supporting Fund for Talent Program (KY0120220263).