Aims: This study aimed to investigate selected chronic diseases patients with different educational attainment regarding their awareness of and compliance with recommended physical activity. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to February 2019 in cooperation with chronic diseases clinics in eastern Slovakia. The study involved 893 patients. Results: People with higher education apparently recognise to a greater extent the importance of nutrition, diet, and the role of physical activity in treating their disease. Moreover, they have knowledge of physical exercises appropriate for their disease. Conversely, a noticeably higher number of less educated patients reported receiving general, respectively detailed information about the importance of physical activity in treating their disease. Differences in awareness of appropriate exercises and their implementation were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The results fail to prove educational attainment being a key determinant of chronic diseases. However, it can be reasonably argued that lower educational attainment may be a reliable risk signal of chronic diseases in later life.

This study aims to determine the formation of cognitive abilities and self-assessment among students of the special physical training in security forces program. A total of 96 students aged 18 to 24 years completed 12 close-ended questions, i.e., 6 knowledge awareness (KA) and 6 ideomotor awareness questions (IA). The 13th question was aimed at self-assessment of their own answers. Based on the Dunning–Kruger effect, comparing all positive answers to KA and IA questions with the self-assessment answer showed that 51% of first-year students provided positive answers with a 50% self-assessment rate, indicating a balanced self-assessment. The percentage of positive answers for the second-year students totaled 51%, with a 70% self-assessment rate, indicating overassessment. The percentage of positive answers totaled 82% for the third-year students, with a 62% self-assessment rate, indicating underassessment. To help students to become proficient requires balancing theory and experience, classroom and practice, where they incorporate a “student-as-instructor” modality to the entire curriculum, not only to the limited selected courses of the special forces training. Using the active learning technique helps students to gain exposure to a stimulating and interactive environment. We stress a teaching modality that includes learning by doing and having the student act as a teacher. In this role, participants maximize their learning through interoceptive awareness, feeling, and applying course material in a more comprehensively factual setting.

Background: The purpose of the study was to extend knowledge about the level of motor docility and selected cognitive and motor-cognitive abilities among secondary school students. Materials and Methods: A total of 43 children participated in the study. The Iowa Brace test was administered to assess the motor docility level. The motor-cognitive abilities were assessed by the Witty SEM system. The cognitive abilities were assessed by psychological tests that focused on attention, intellectual potential, and memory. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the significance of gender differences in the level of motor docility and selected cognitive and motor-cognitive abilities of the students. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of differences between age groups. Results: The results indicate a low level of motor docility and cognitive abilities which may be caused by the quantity and quality of the acquired motor experience. Conclusion: Significant differences were observed in tests assessing the speed of thinking (BSQ) and in the mean reaction time in the speed of thinking test (BSRT), especially between the group with the lowest level of motor docility (0-4 points) and the group with a motor docility level at 10-12 points.

(1) Background: Joint and back pain are enormous and important clinical and public health problems that significantly affect people of all ages. Although the epidemiology of pain in the general population is well documented, less information is available in athletes. While in the general population joint and back pain have predominantly functional origin, in athletes, pain is a consequence of not only functional, but very often structural changes in the spine, joints, and related tissues. Depending on the sports specialization, character of the training activity, exercises, training load, and many other factors, athletes are exposed to various injuries accompanied by pain. (2) Aim: This study is aimed at evaluating the prevalence of spinal and limb injuries, and back pain and joint pain among athletes of various specializations. A questionnaire survey on back pain, quality of life, and physical activity will be used to collect data from Slovak athletes. The outcomes of the survey will be compared to a physically active group. This article presents a study protocol that aims to evaluate the relationship between back pain and injury prevalence in athletes of various specializations.

Background: Cognitive health in adolescence is shaped by daily movement patterns, yet few studies jointly examine physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep using both device-based and self-report measures, particularly in Central Europe. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 82 Slovak adolescents (16.67 ± 1.07 years; 61% girls) wore accel-erometers for seven days to assess physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep, and completed the PAQ-A questionnaire. Cognitive abilities (IQ, sustained attention, and visual memory) were assessed with standardized tests. Results: Overall adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines was low: 11% met MVPA recommendations, about half achieved age-appropriate sleep duration, and only 23.2% met the sedentary guideline, while most accumulated more than 10 h/day of sedentary time. Girls accumulated more time in both sedentary and active behaviours than boys. PAQ-A scores overestimated accelerometer-derived MVPA (mean bias of 1.68 units), with greater bias in girls and older adolescents. Later sleep timing and longer deep sleep were positively associated with IQ and sustained attention, whereas greater total sleep duration and more time in the least active 5 h of the day were negatively related to memory; MVPA accumulated in 5–10-min bouts was inversely associated with IQ (ρ = –0.24). Sleep–MVPA profiles dif-fered significantly in memory performance (η² ≈ 0.13), while IQ and attention did not differ between profiles. Conclusions: Daily 24-hour movement patterns showed modest associations with cognitive abilities in adolescents. Combining accelerometry with self-report revealed MVPA overestimation in PAQ-A and may inform refinement of ad-olescent activity surveillance tools and movement-based strategies to support cognitive resilience.