Inefficient and ineffective practices in the construction industry have hindered productivity even though it is considered as one of the largest sectors in any county. One best solution to overcome these inherent problems in the construction industry is to move forward with digital technologies. For that, organizational structure, technical aspects, and, most importantly, human factors need to be considered. The aim of this research is to find out human behaviors that affect the digital transformation of the construction industry based on the well-accepted model Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). An in-depth literature review was carried out using fifty-five journal papers to develop a conceptual model for the acceptance of digital transformation, and it was validated and further reviewed using ten expert interviews. The model consists of seven constraints: Personal Benefits, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Risk, Facility Conditions, Attitudes, and Subjective Norms. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was carried out to rank these seven factors according to individual priorities in the construction industry. Further, the model was extended and modified using factors derived from literature review and expert feedback. It is proved that “Perceived Personal Benefits” is the major consideration of an individual who is willing to move towards digital transformation. This research fulfills the lack of knowledge in the digitalization of the construction industry as per a human perspective, and it provides a prerequisite to finding the solutions for the issues which emerged within the industry towards digitalization. Further, the framework developed in the research can be used to systematically adopt the human factor for the digital transformation of the construction industry. In addition, this enables the analysis of changing demands for humans in digitally transformed environments, such as Industry 4.0 environments, and contributes towards a successful digital transformation that avoids the pitfalls of innovation performed without attention to human factors. The paper concludes by highlighting future research directions on the human factor in digital transformation as well as managerial implications for successful application in practice.

The construction industry faces urgent demands for sustainable alternatives to conventional materials like durability characteristics of soil-based 3D printing materials incorporating fly ash, rice husk, cement, and NaOH as additives. Soil compositions of 80-90% sand and 10-20% silt were tested, with binders adjusted to a 25:75 (binder:soil) ratio. Mechanical testing revealed that cement added specimen achieved a compressive strength of 1.25 MPa compared to fly ash-lime added mixes. NaOH formulations exhibited poor water resistance, with prolonged curing (45 days) and disintegration in some cases, while cement-enhanced specimen met non-load-bearing standards (1.25 MPa compressive strength, SLS 855) but fell short of structural requirements. Density analysis showed NaOH mixtures exceeding the ASTM C129 threshold (1760 kg/m³), whereas fly ash-cement blends were marginally deficient. Flexural strength (0.35-0.74 MPa) inversely correlated with sand content, though all mixes surpassed the AS 2733 minimum. Printability tests highlighted challenges with NaOH and high-sand (>85%) compositions, which clogged nozzles, whereas cement-based mixes demonstrated consistent extrudability. Water absorption rates (10-18.23%) exceeded durability standards in most specimen, except for one cement-fly ash formulation (15%). Future research should optimize binder ratios and curing protocols to advance eco-friendly, structurally viable solutions.