Pancreatic cancer has the highest case fatality rate of all major cancers. A systematic review using PRISMA guidelines was conducted to summarize the associations between dietary patterns and risk of pancreatic cancer. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for case–control and cohort studies published up to June 15, 2016. Eligible studies included a dietary pattern as exposure and pancreatic cancer incidence or mortality as outcome and reported odds ratios, hazard ratios, or relative risks, along with corresponding 95%CIs. Important characteristics of each study, along with the dietary assessment instrument, the component foods or nutrients included in each dietary pattern or the scoring algorithm of a priori dietary patterns, were presented. For each dietary pattern identified, the estimate of association and the 95%CI comparing the highest versus the lowest category from the model with the most covariate adjustment were reported. A total of 16 studies were identified. Among the 8 studies that examined data-driven dietary patterns, significant positive associations were found between pancreatic cancer risk and the Animal Products, Starch Rich, and Western dietary patterns, with effect estimates ranging from 1.69 to 2.40. Significant inverse relationships were found between risk of pancreatic cancer and dietary patterns designated as Fruits and Vegetables, Vitamins and Fiber, and Prudent, with effect estimates ranging from 0.51 to 0.55. Eight studies of a priori dietary patterns consistently suggested that improved dietary quality was associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. Better diet quality is associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. The associations between dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer were stronger in case–control studies than in cohort studies and were stronger among men than among women.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both men and women in the United States. Various a priori dietary patterns that take into

Background: Inflammation is important in chronic disease and can be modulated by dietary exposures. Our aim was to examine whether the inflammatory potential of diet after cancer diagnosis, assessed using the dietary inflammatory index (DII), is associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).Methods: Our analytic cohort included 2,150 postmenopausal women, ages 50 to 79 years at baseline, who developed invasive breast cancer during follow-up and completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on average 1.5 years after diagnosis. Women were followed from breast cancer diagnosis until death or the end of follow-up by October 2014. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores were calculated from food plus supplements using a nutrient–density approach. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause, breast cancer–specific, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.Results: After a median 13.3 years of follow-up, 580 deaths from any cause occurred, including 212 breast cancer deaths and 103 CVD deaths. Lower (i.e., more anti-inflammatory) E-DII scores were associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality (HRQ1VSQ4 = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.24–0.82; Ptrend = 0.005), but not with breast cancer–specific mortality (HRQ1VSQ4 = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.62–1.49; Ptrend = 0.96) or all-cause mortality (HRQ1VSQ4 = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.63–1.05; Ptrend = 0.17).Conclusions: Consuming a more anti-inflammatory diet after breast cancer diagnosis may be a means for reducing risk of death from CVD.Impact: Survival after invasive breast cancer diagnosis may be improved by consumption of an anti-inflammatory diet. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(4); 454–63. ©2018 AACR.

Inflammation-modulating nutrients and inflammatory markers are established cancer risk factors, however, evidence regarding the association between post-diagnosis diet-associated inflammation and breast cancer survival is relatively sparse. We aimed to examine the association between post-diagnosis dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and risks of all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality. A total of 1064 female breast cancer survivors in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening (PLCO) Trial prospective cohort, were included in this analysis if they had completed the diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII^TM) scores were calculated based on food and supplement intake. Cox regression and competing risk models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) by E-DII tertile (T) for all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality. With median follow-up of 14.6 years, there were 296 (27.8%) deaths from all causes and 100 (9.4%) breast cancer-specific death. The E-DII was associated with all-cause mortality (HR T3 vs T1, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01–1.81;P_trend, 0.049, Table 2) and breast cancer mortality (HR T3 vs T1, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.89–2.43;P_trend, 0.13; multivariable-adjusted HR for 1-unit increment: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.00–1.22). Non-linear positive dose–response associations with mortality from all causes were identified for E-DII scores (P_{non-linearity} < 0.05). The post-diagnosis E-DII was statistically significantly associated with mortality risk among breast cancer survivors. Long-term anti-inflammatory diet might be a means of improving survival of breast cancer survivors.