Recently, the skill to play games has led to the professionalization of the activity in the form of “eSports” (electronic sports). Despite the popularity of eSports, little is known about its professional players from a psychological perspective. Given the importance of the coach-created environment in the athletes’ motivational processes, this study aimed to investigate the key psychological dimensions of the coach-created climate in 75 Brazilian professional players of League of Legends (LoL) considering the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Achievement Goal Theory (AGT). Fourteen hypotheses were tested, of which seven were confirmed. The empowering climate was a predictor of basic psychological-needs satisfaction and indirectly influenced autonomous motivation. The need satisfaction had a significant impact on both autonomous motivation and on lack of motivation, which, in turn, explained 56% of the variance in well-being and the intention to keep playing eSports. The disempowering climate was a predictor of psychological-needs thwarting but had no significant impact on autonomous motivation or lack of motivation. The results obtained support SDT and AGT in the context of eSports and were similar to those conducted with athletes from traditional sports, indicating that the empowering-and-disempowering-coaching-climates conceptualization applies not only to traditional sports athletes but also to professional eSports players.

The objectives of this study were to assess the psychometric properties of the Coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) by testing four different hypotheses. A procedure of translation and adaptation of the instrument between different languages and cultures was carried out. A total of 350 national level Brazilian athletes (aged between 15 and 17 years; mean = 17.0, SD = 1.7) completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) were performed. Consistent with previous work on the EDMCQ-C, all solutions failed to achieve suitable levels of fit for a hierarchical model represented by five climate dimensions (autonomy-supportive, controlling, task-involving, ego-involving, and socially-supportive) and two global dimensions (empowering and disempowering). The 2-ESEM solution provided a satisfactory fit for the first-order model with two global factors supported. The 2-ESEM version of the questionnaire showed adequate predictive and discriminant validity, good internal consistency, and invariance across gender. Such results suggest that the EDMCQ-C is a promising scale to assess Brazilian athletes’ perception of the over-arching empowering and disempowering features of the coach-created motivational climate.

The aim of the study was to investigate, through a systematic review of the literature, the relationship between athletes’ emotional regulation in performance or competition. The strategy (SPIDER) was used, and the keywords were used according to the respective vocabulary restricted to each database (PubMed, SciElo, Portal BVS, SPORTDiscus, PsycNET). The Boolean operators AND and OR were used, and 2 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria were adopted. This systematic review is registered on the PROSPERO platform under the ID CRD42020216250. For analysis and qualitative synthesis, 10 studies were included, and 16 modalities were identified with a sample of 434 athletes, 84.1% male and 15.9% female. Regarding the results, we can observe that the relationship between regulation and sports performance lies in the interaction of environmental, social, and psychological factors, which can trigger positive and negative emotions that impact sports performance. Moreover, it is worth noting that the studies have verified the phenomenon of regulation of emotions through various instruments and strategies, thus demonstrating the heterogeneity of the studies included in this review. No longitudinal studies were observed; however, emotions and regulation of emotions can undergo alterations due to the sporting moment and the degree of importance of the competition.

The Mental Toughness (MT) construct is considered an essential component of sports performance, therefore, it is important to examine how programs to develop MT are being offered and applied to athletes. In this sense, the objective of this study was to review the literature in relation to psychological training programs (PST) applied to the development of Mental Toughness in the sport context. The Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase, and Psynet databases were used, considering the Portuguese, English and Spanish languages. The program EndNote® was used to store and organize the material. The inclusion criteria were full papers, with athletes, investigating the psychological training for MT development; the exclusion criteria were: review studies, studies of areas other than sports, and psychological training carried out with injured athletes. The results show 1.858 studies and, from this total, ten studies were included for synthesis and qualitative analysis. The findings show four studies used collective modalities, seven used individual modalities, four studies with adult athletes and six with teenage athletes. Concerning the structure of the programs, six studies used traditional PST activities, while two worked with specific activities to develop MT. For the pre- and post-evaluation, all ten studies used tools that measure MT. From the analysed studies, nine show an increase in MT scores after the interventions. In conclusion, the psychological training programs geared to developing the MT are not different from traditional PST programs, both in terms of the psychological skills worked on, the activities performed and the number of sessions. El constructo Mental Toughness (MT) se considera un componente esencial del rendimiento deportivo, por lo tanto, es importante examinar cómo se ofrecen y aplican a los atletas los programas para desarrollar MT. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura en relación a los programas de entrenamiento psicológico (PST) aplicados para el desarrollo de la Robustez Mental en el contexto deportivo. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase y Psynet, considerando los idiomas portugués, inglés y español. Se utilizó el programa EndNote® para almacenar y organizar el material. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos completos, con atletas, que investigaran el entrenamiento psicológico para el desarrollo de MT; los criterios de exclusión fueron: estudios de revisión, estudios de áreas distintas al deporte y entrenamiento psicológico realizado con atletas lesionados. Los resultados muestran 1.858 estudios y, de ese total, se incluyeron diez estudios para síntesis y análisis cualitativo. Los hallazgos muestran que cuatro estudios utilizaron modalidades colectivas y siete utilizaron modalidades individuales, siendo cuatro estudios con atletas adultos y seis con atletas adolescentes. En cuanto a la estructura de los programas, seis estudios utilizaron actividades tradicionales de PST, mientras que dos trabajaron con actividades específicas para desarrollar MT. Para la evaluación previa y posterior, los diez estudios utilizaron herramientas que miden MT. De los estudios analizados, nueve muestran un aumento en las puntuaciones de MT después de las intervenciones. En conclusión, los programas de entrenamiento psicológico orientados al desarrollo de la MT no se diferencian de los programas tradicionales de PST, tanto en las habilidades psicológicas trabajadas, las actividades realizadas y el número de sesiones. O construto Robustez Mental (RM) é considerado um componente essencial do desempenho esportivo, portanto, é importante analisar como os programas para desenvolver a RM estão sendo oferecidos e aplicados aos atletas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura em relação aos programas de treinamento psicológico (PST) aplicados para o desenvolvimento da Robustez Mental no contexto esportivo. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase e Psynet, considerando os idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. O programa EndNote® foi utilizado para armazenar e organizar o material. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos completos, com atletas, investigando o treinamento psicológico para o desenvolvimento da RM; os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos de revisão, estudos de outras áreas que não o esporte e treinamento psicológico realizado com atletas lesionados. Os resultados mostram 1.858 estudos e, desse total, dez estudos foram incluídos para síntese e análise qualitativa. Os achados mostram que quatro estudos utilizaram modalidades coletivas e sete utilizaram modalidades individuais, sendo quatro estudos com atletas adultos e seis com atletas adolescentes. Quanto à estrutura dos programas, seis estudos utilizaram atividades tradicionais do PST, enquanto dois trabalharam com atividades específicas para desenvolver a RM. Para a pré e pós-avaliação, todos os dez estudos utilizaram instrumentos que medem a RM. Dos estudos analisados, nove mostram um aumento nos escores da RM após as intervenções. Em conclusão, os programas de treinamento psicológico voltados ao desenvolvimento da RM não diferem dos programas tradicionais de PST, tanto em termos de habilidades psicológicas trabalhadas, quanto nas atividades realizadas e no número de sessões.

Los atletas de modalidades deportivas migran a lo largo de su carrera a otros países en busca de diferentes objetivos, entre ellos, para lograr un mejor rendimiento y un estado social y financiero. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la literatura en relación con los aspectos psicológicos involucrados en el proceso de expatriación de los atletas. Para este fin, se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de tesis y disertaciones de Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase y CAPES, con palabras específicas para cada base, en inglés, portugués y español. Se incluyeron estudios que incluyeron atletas de rendimiento e investigaron el proceso de migración internacional en el deporte y se excluyeron los estudios de revisión y estudios con estudiantes, estudiantes atletas y entrenadores. Después de una cuidadosa selección, realizada a través del programa administrador de referencias bibliográficas, el software EndNote®, se seleccionaron y almacenaron ocho estudios elegibles para el análisis utilizando el modelo temporal de transición cultural. Por lo tanto, los resultados obtenidos ilustraron que, entre los atletas, no es una práctica común buscar información previa sobre el país anfitrión y / o el contexto deportivo en el que se insertarán. En relación con el proceso de adaptación cultural aguda, se hizo evidente que la estrategia principal utilizada está vinculada a las necesidades psicológicas básicas, además del aprendizaje de idiomas, fueron fundamentales para promover el sentimiento de pertenencia a la cultura y, en consecuencia, el desarrollo de Adaptación sociocultural. Por lo tanto, se concluye que investigar los aspectos psicológicos involucrados en la migración internacional de atletas, ofreciendo la preparación psicológica para enfrentar los desafíos pertinentes a la adaptación cultural, probablemente contribuirá a una mejor comprensión de las opciones de estrategias que se utilizarán en este proceso, así como determinando el éxito de la migración. Athletes from sports modalities migrate throughout their career to other countries in search of different objectives, among them, to achieve better performance and social and financial status. In this sense, the objective of this study was to review the literature in relation to the psychological aspects involved in the expatriation process of athletes. For this purpose, searches were carried out in the Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase and CAPES theses and dissertations databases, with words specific to each base, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Studies that included performance athletes and investigated the process of international migration in sport were included and review studies and studies with students, student athletes and coaches were excluded. After careful screening, carried out by means of the bibliographic reference manager program, the EndNote® software, eight studies eligible for analysis were selected and stored using the temporal model of cultural transition. Thus, the results obtained illustrated that, among athletes, it is not a common practice to search for previous information about the host country and / or the sports context to which they will be inserted. In relation to the process of acute cultural adaptation, it became evident that the main strategy used is linked to basic psychological needs, in addition to language learning, were fundamental in promoting the feeling of belonging to culture and, consequently, the development of sociocultural adaptation. Therefore, it is concluded that investigating the psychological aspects involved in the international migration of athletes, offering the psychological preparation to face the challenges pertinent to cultural adaptation, will probably contribute to a better understanding in the choices of strategies to be used in this process, as well as can determining the success of the migration. Atletas de modalidades esportivas migram ao longo de suas carreiras para outros países em busca de diferentes objetivos, dentre os quais alcançar melhor desempenho e status sociais e financeiro. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura em relação aos aspectos psicológicos envolvidos no processo de expatriação de atletas. Para tanto, foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, SportDiscus, BVS, Embase e Banco de teses e dissertações da CAPES, com vocábulos próprios de cada base, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Foram incluídos estudos que contemplassem atletas de rendimento e investigassem o processo de migração internacional no esporte, além de excluídos os estudos de revisão e estudos realizados com estudantes, atletas estudantes e técnicos. Após criteriosa triagem, realizada por meio do programa gerenciador de referências bibliográficas, o software EndNote®, foram selecionados e armazenados oito estudos elegíveis para análise, utilizando o modelo temporal de transição cultural. Assim, os resultados obtidos ilustraram que, entre os atletas, não é uma prática comum a busca por informações prévias sobre o país hospedeiro e/ou o contexto esportivo em que serão inseridos. Já, em relação ao processo de adaptação cultural aguda, evidenciou-se que a principal estratégia utilizada, ligada às necessidades psicológicas básicas, somada ao aprendizado do idioma, foram fundamentais na promoção da...