Cancer immunotherapies have improved human health, and one among the important technologies for cancer immunotherapy is cancer vaccine. Antigens are the most important components in cancer vaccines. Generally, antigens in cancer vaccines can be divided into two categories: pre‐defined antigens and unidentified antigens. Although, cancer vaccines loaded with predefined antigens are commonly used, cancer vaccine loaded with mixed unidentified antigens, especially whole cancer cells or cancer cell lysates, is a very promising approach, and such vaccine can obviate some limitations in cancer vaccines. Their advantages include, but are not limited to, the inclusion of pan‐spectra (all or most kinds of) antigens, inducing pan‐clones specific T cells, and overcoming the heterogeneity of cancer cells. In this review, the recent advances in cancer vaccines based on whole‐tumor antigens, either based on whole cancer cells or whole cancer cell lysates, are summarized. In terms of whole cancer cell lysates, the focus is on applying whole water‐soluble cell lysates as antigens. Recently, utilizing the whole cancer cell lysates as antigens in cancer vaccines has become feasible. Considering that pre‐determined antigen‐based cancer vaccines (mainly peptide‐based or mRNA‐based) have various limitations, developing cancer vaccines based on whole‐tumor antigens is a promising alternative.

We investigated the antibiotic-resistance phenotypes and molecularly characterized class 1 integron gene cassettes from 113 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients. Primers specific for the class 1 integron integrase (intI1) gene were used to screen for these integrons using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). The variable regions of the integrons were PCR-amplified and sequenced. Sputum was the most common specimen (69.9%; 79/113) followed by aseptic sites (21.2%; 24/113). Of the 113 isolates with phenotypic resistance to the tested antimicrobials, the highest resistances were to ciprofloxacin (CIP) (26.55%), imipenem (IPM) (23.89%), and meropenem (MEM) (23%). Carbapenem-sensitive P. aeruginosa (CS-PA) isolates displayed 23 patterns, and the predominant multidrug resistance phenotype was CIP-levofloxacin (7.23%, 6/83). Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CR-PA) isolates displayed 12 patterns, and the predominant multidrug resistance phenotype was IPM-MEM (23.33%, 7/30). Class 1 integrons were detected in 14 (12.4%, 14/113) isolates, 7.22% (6/83) in CS-PA isolates, and 26.67% (8/30) in CR-PA isolates. Six gene cassette arrays were detected, the most prevalent being aacA4-blaOXA101-aadA5 in five isolates (4.4%, 5/113). Seventeen gene cassettes were detected. The most prevalent antibiotic-resistance gene cassettes were aacA4 (6.2%, 7/113), bla_OXA-1, and bla_OXA-101. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance genes were detected. Some of the genes carried were similar to those in other species, but some had shared characteristics among the P. aeruginosa isolates. Long-standing drug resistance genes appeared to be under elimination in P. aeruginosa, whereas integrons conferring resistance to commonly used clinical drugs such as β-lactamases, fluoroquinolones, and even carbapenems, as well as some other gene elements, were found to be newly integrated.