In Germany, the number of small wood-burning combustion plants was around 11 million in 2020. The PM2.5 immissions caused by the operation of these combustion plants are already about as high as those from traffic exhaust gases. Thus, particulate matter immissions occur not only on busy roads but also in residential areas. Since there are few official measuring stations for PM2.5 in residential areas and suburbs, this study determined PM2.5 concentrations from November 2020 to June 2021 at three stations (urban, suburban, and residential) in the Karlsruhe area. Simultaneous measurements of PM2.5 at the three locations have been implemented to determine short-term (peaks), medium-term, and long-term particulate matter levels and to assign them to sources by observation, considering wind direction. Illustratively, PM2.5 immission levels in January and May 2021 were compared in this paper. The comparison of the particulate matter immissions measured in the urban and residential area in January revealed that PM2.5 concentration peaks of up to 60 µg/m³ occurred for short periods in the residential area, especially on Fridays and in the evenings, which could be assigned to wood stove operation. In the urban and suburban areas, the number of the immission peaks was lower by 70–80%, and the peak concentrations were also lower by an average of 13–18%. However, the high short-term peaks have no significant impact when calculating the PM2.5 annual average according to the current limit value regulation (39. BImSchV).

The potential utilization of magnetic effects in gas particle separation is a current subject of research. This paper demonstrates for the first time that a single magnetizable filter fiber can be deflected by a magnetically induced excitation for a selected combination of parameters, resulting in the removal of deposited particle structures with high detachment levels. A correlation between the magnetic flux density and achieved acceleration to overcome the adhesive forces/strength of the particle structure was determined. The degree of detachment after each regeneration was calculated by comparing the projection area before and after detachment using high-speed images. At a magnetic flux density of B = 38.5 mT, accelerations of maximum a = 105 m·s⁻² are achieved, depending on the axial position along the single fiber. The degrees of regeneration achieved at these parameters depend on the amount of fiber loading and on the fiber orientation in the gravitational field. The horizontal orientation of the fiber leads to an increased reattachment of precedingly detached particle structures after deflection compared to a vertical orientation. High particle loading on the fiber results in enhanced detachment by inertia. Under the most favorable process conditions investigated, detachment levels of >90% are achieved.

A current subject of research is the application of magnetic effects for the detachment of accumulated particles of fibrous collectors in gas particle separation. Initial studies have already shown the magnetically induced detachment behavior of a compact particle structure after a single deflection from a single fiber. In this study, the detachment behavior of particle structures with different morphologies from a single fiber is investigated as a function of the particle loading stage on the fiber, the external magnetic flux density, the inflow velocity and the number of regenerations of the fiber for a certain parameter range. Diffusive and more compact particle structures with non-magnetic properties are deposited on the magnetizable single fiber. By applying an external magnetic field, the fiber is magnetized and experiences a torsional moment. The deposited particle structures on the fiber are detached by the acceleration forces. The detachment of the particle structures is observed using a high-speed camera and the image sequences are analyzed. By determining the projection area before and after the fiber deflection, a degree of regeneration is calculated. With magnetic-induced regeneration, high degrees of regeneration close to 100% can be achieved. Repetitive fiber deflections improve the detachment of the particle structures. The magnetic-induced regeneration is suitable for applications where flow reversal is not possible and can be performed either online or offline. Due to the gentle regeneration, fewer emissions are produced on the clean gas side than, for example, with jet pulse cleaning. It makes it easier to achieve emission limits and simplifies product recovery.