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F. Giustozzi
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, RMIT University, Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia

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Journal article
Published: 26 August 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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This study is focused on the effect of crumb rubber (CR) particle size on the physical, chemo-rheological, UV ageing resistance and storage stability of high-content rubberised bitumen. Two CR gradations, #30 (coarser) and #50 (finer), were selected for this study. The blends were prepared by mixing 22.5% CR (by weight of base bitumen) into 50/70 pen grade bitumen for 60 min at 177 ± 10 °C with a shear mixing speed of 700 rpm. Blends prepared with #30 CR were found to improve the elastic response and storage stability compared to #50 CR modified binder. The presence of a greater number of coarser CR particles – which mostly remained in the swollen-form at the end of the blending process – as compared to finer particles – which instead were depolymerized and released the absorbed oils back into the binder phase – proved to increase the flexibility of the binder and improve its rheological performance. This same factor also reduced the #50 modified binder’s UV resistance as the C–C, C–H bonds in the saturates portion of the bitumen have a lower bond energy than the energy produced by the impact of UV rays. Overall, crumb-rubber modified bitumen resists better to ageing produced by UV radiation compared to standard unmodified bitumen. Further reprocessing of waste vehicle tyres into smaller #50 mesh size is deemed not to produce substantial improvements in the final bituminous blend other than the reduced viscosity for the same CR content.

ACS Style

Muhammad Jamal; Gilberto Martinez-Arguelles; Filippo Giustozzi. Effect of waste tyre rubber size on physical, rheological and UV resistance of high-content rubber-modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 304, 124638 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Jamal, Gilberto Martinez-Arguelles, Filippo Giustozzi. Effect of waste tyre rubber size on physical, rheological and UV resistance of high-content rubber-modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 304 ():124638.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Jamal; Gilberto Martinez-Arguelles; Filippo Giustozzi. 2021. "Effect of waste tyre rubber size on physical, rheological and UV resistance of high-content rubber-modified bitumen." Construction and Building Materials 304, no. : 124638.

Original research paper
Published: 16 August 2021 in International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology
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Selecting an asphalt binder that has the potential of withstanding permanent deformation in the field is a challenging task; in particular, relating the binder’s rutting resistance to the corresponding behaviour of the asphalt mixture can prove difficult. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the correlation between rutting susceptibility of bitumen with that of the asphalt mixtures prepared using the same bitumen. The testing methods used in this study include laboratory experiments on bitumen and asphalt used by several agencies in their specifications, such as the percentage of recovery (%R) and non-recoverable compliance (Jnr) through multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test, Superpave rutting parameter G*/sinδ through frequency sweep tests and the flow number of asphalt mixtures through uniaxial repeated load tests. Statistical comparisons across bitumen and asphalt test outcomes were made by analysing the correlations generated by several types of bitumen tested, i.e. both polymer-modified using various polymers (elastomers and plastomers) and standard unmodified bitumen. The G*/sinδ parameter at various frequency (0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.59, 5 and 10 Hz) and testing temperature (40 and 60 °C) and Jnr at various stress levels (0.1, 3.2, 6.4 kPa) and temperature (60 ℃) were correlated with flow number at 50, 55 and 60 ℃. The correlation was also analysed by grouping some of the materials tested to verify the statistical fit between tests on bitumen and on asphalt mixes. The results show how Jnr is a better indicator of rutting performance for asphalt materials than G*/sinδ; however, G*/sinδ provides a good correlation with the permanent deformation of asphalt groups prepared using similar binders (i.e. belonging to the same family of polymers).

ACS Style

Muhammad Aakif Ishaq; Loretta Venturini; Filippo Giustozzi. Correlation Between Rheological Rutting Tests on Bitumen and Asphalt Mix Flow Number. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Muhammad Aakif Ishaq, Loretta Venturini, Filippo Giustozzi. Correlation Between Rheological Rutting Tests on Bitumen and Asphalt Mix Flow Number. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Aakif Ishaq; Loretta Venturini; Filippo Giustozzi. 2021. "Correlation Between Rheological Rutting Tests on Bitumen and Asphalt Mix Flow Number." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology , no. : 1-20.

Research article
Published: 24 June 2021 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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The increasing amount of waste vehicle tyres has already proved to be hard to dispose of properly and lead to environmental problems, such as soil contamination and toxic blazes. This study aimed to use recycled tyre rubber material (crumb rubber - CR) and combine it with well-known polymers in road engineering, such as styrene–butadiene-styrene (SBS) and/or a combination of SBS and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) to develop hybrid recycled polymer modified bitumen (PMB). Most of the times, CR is only added to neat bitumen at high contents to enhance its properties despite some drawbacks. Physical, chemical, thermal and rheological tests were conducted to evaluate the overall performance of the blends with and without the addition of stabilising agents. CR has shown to increase the viscosity of the bitumen. The addition of EVA into CR/SBS blends has simultaneously improved the rheological properties specifically at intermediate and high temperatures. To conclude, the utilisation of small percentages of recycled tyres in PMBs and hybrid PMBs did not negatively affect the satisfactory performance of SBS-modified bitumen. This consequently encourages greater usage of CR which also mitigates the waste disposal problem at landfills.

ACS Style

Ilya Binti Joohari; Filippo Giustozzi. Waste tyres crumb rubber as a sustainability enhancer for polymer-modified and hybrid polymer-modified bitumen. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Ilya Binti Joohari, Filippo Giustozzi. Waste tyres crumb rubber as a sustainability enhancer for polymer-modified and hybrid polymer-modified bitumen. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilya Binti Joohari; Filippo Giustozzi. 2021. "Waste tyres crumb rubber as a sustainability enhancer for polymer-modified and hybrid polymer-modified bitumen." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-15.

Original research paper
Published: 08 June 2021 in International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology
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In a continuous effort to promote the environmental sustainability of the road construction sector while increasing the durability of road pavements, a growing number of studies have focused on recycled materials to be used as polymer modification for asphalt. Australia is also following the ‘sustainability’ trend by reusing end-of-life tyres (EOLTs) in the form of crumb rubber (CR) for road applications. Blending conditions are influential in determining the final properties of waste rubber-modified bitumen and are explored in this study to promote the recycling of EOLTs further. Two shear mixing rates (700 rpm and 3500 rpm) and three mixing durations (30, 60 and 90 min) were selected at 7.5% (low concentration), 15% (medium concentration), and 22.5% (high concentration) of CR. Blends were prepared by mixing CR in C320 bitumen while keeping the temperature constant at 177 ± 10 °C. Physio-chemical, thermal, and rheological tests were conducted to characterize the optimal blending conditions. Although the current CR bitumen specifications are predominantly based on viscosity and bitumen–rubber interaction time, the present study highlights the impact of blending conditions on blends to be adopted for different purposes (i.e., 7.5% low-content CR for local roads with less traffic vs. 22.5% CR for medium–high-trafficked roads). It has been observed that mixing duration and applied shear rate significantly influence the rheological properties and are closely correlated. A mixing duration of 60 min is effective to swell rubber particles, although further increasing the mixing time breaks the polymeric chains and deteriorates the rheological properties. Increasing the shear mixer speed to 3500 rpm reduces the total time required to fully swell the CR particles by approx. 30 min. The shear rate can produce a relatively stiffer blend at higher mixing speeds, which was observed through the increase in the complex shear modulus and fatigue parameter values; this was further assessed through Fourier Transform InfraRed analysis and aging indices.

ACS Style

Muhammad Jamal; Filippo Giustozzi. Chemo-rheological Investigation on Waste Rubber-Modified Bitumen Response to Various Blending Factors. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Muhammad Jamal, Filippo Giustozzi. Chemo-rheological Investigation on Waste Rubber-Modified Bitumen Response to Various Blending Factors. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Jamal; Filippo Giustozzi. 2021. "Chemo-rheological Investigation on Waste Rubber-Modified Bitumen Response to Various Blending Factors." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology , no. : 1-20.

Original article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering
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One of the critical factors that govern the technology of concrete self-healing evaluation at laboratory scale is the crack induction pattern within the concrete sample. Within the various techniques of inducing artificial cracks, such as the flexural testing or splitting testing methods, there are limitations of inducing the microcracks homogenously throughout the entire volume of the concrete sample. In this study, an innovative technique is utilised to induce the microcracks at a controlled damage level to further study the self-healing phenomena in concrete at the laboratory scale. By placing a concrete sample into an ad-hoc fabricated steel mould and applying fractional compressive strength, the axial-circumferential pressure induces microcracks in the concrete sample, homogenously. A Finite Element Model was also built to investigate the hypothesis on the cracking pattern at various damage levels; jointly, experimental work was conducted with X-ray µCT images to reconstruct the three-dimensional sections at the various damage levels. Qualitative analyses in relation to the two test methods were conducted. Furthermore, quantitative analyses on the individual—artificially generated—cracks were conducted in terms of the crack size crack geometry variation and the orientation of the newly formed cracks. Results revealed that the proposed crack-inducing methodology is highly efficient to induce uniform cracks in the sample, assisting for the evaluation of concrete self-healing process. The novel method can be adapted to identify the optimised strategies for enhancing the structural performance of concrete, thus facilitating the safe operation of concrete infrastructure.

ACS Style

Amir Sidiq; Dilan Robert; Rebecca Gravina; Filippo Giustozzi. Coupled FEM-microstructural X-ray examination of a controlled internal damage approach for concrete samples. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 2021, 21, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Amir Sidiq, Dilan Robert, Rebecca Gravina, Filippo Giustozzi. Coupled FEM-microstructural X-ray examination of a controlled internal damage approach for concrete samples. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 2021; 21 (2):1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Sidiq; Dilan Robert; Rebecca Gravina; Filippo Giustozzi. 2021. "Coupled FEM-microstructural X-ray examination of a controlled internal damage approach for concrete samples." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 21, no. 2: 1-20.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Many road construction and maintenance projects are increasingly using recycled material as pavement material. Most of the times, generic sustainability evaluations are ascribed to recycled products without fully considering their performance. The potential environmental benefits of various alternatives can be analytically evaluated with Life Cycle Assessment while many performance indicators can be found through laboratory and field tests. However, it is highly uncommon for these two approaches to be combined in the same assessment methodology and most of the analyses rely on one or the other. Trading off between environmental advantages and performance and durability in the field is considered of utmost importance when evaluating construction alternatives, especially on large projects. This study utilizes recycled plastic packaging films for bitumen modification. The recycled polyolefin blend is a combination of linear low-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene (LLDPE/LDPE). LLDPE/LDPE was added in bitumen at various dosages (i.e., from 3% to 12% by weight of the bitumen) to assess the effect of recycled LLDPE/LDPE on the binder physio-chemical, rheological and thermal performance. In addition to the various laboratory performance tests, the environmental sustainability of the alternatives was evaluated through an LCA study. Finally, the outcomes from the two approaches (laboratory performance and environmental impact assessment) were combined via grey relational analysis to identify the best overall alternative. It was found that the storage stability of LLDPE/LDPE modified blends varied from 6 °C to 57 °C whereas the storage stability value of A35P was 2 °C. Softening point of bitumen was 44.1 °C which improved to 55.7–104.1 °C at different content of LLDPE/LDPE. The melting temperature of LLDPE/LDPE modified blends was 100.22, 101.44, 101.87 and 102.49 for LLDPE/LDPE-3%, LLDPE/LDPE-6%, LLDPE/LDPE-9% and LLDPE/LDPE-12%. The methodology highlighted in the paper can be easily adapted to other scenarios, hence facilitating multi-attribute decision-making processes when incorporating recycled materials in roads and leading to better informed decisions.

ACS Style

Sabzoi Nizamuddin; Muhammad Jamal; Joao Santos; Filippo Giustozzi. Recycling of low-value packaging films in bitumen blends: A grey-based multi criteria decision making approach considering a set of laboratory performance and environmental impact indicators. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 778, 146187 .

AMA Style

Sabzoi Nizamuddin, Muhammad Jamal, Joao Santos, Filippo Giustozzi. Recycling of low-value packaging films in bitumen blends: A grey-based multi criteria decision making approach considering a set of laboratory performance and environmental impact indicators. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 778 ():146187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabzoi Nizamuddin; Muhammad Jamal; Joao Santos; Filippo Giustozzi. 2021. "Recycling of low-value packaging films in bitumen blends: A grey-based multi criteria decision making approach considering a set of laboratory performance and environmental impact indicators." Science of The Total Environment 778, no. : 146187.

Research article
Published: 16 February 2021 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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Civil engineers face significant challenges in the safe design and construction of durable road infrastructure in the presence of expansive soils. These problematic soils exacerbate undesirable serviceability concerns induced by pavement distress. Soil stabilisation has been recognised as a sustainable approach to alleviate the problematic nature of expansive subgrades. Road pavements constructed on top of expansive subgrade soils are generally under unsaturated conditions, where the moisture variations can significantly impact the pavement response. However, current pavement design and modelling frameworks overlook unsaturated soil behaviour by adopting simplified approaches. This study examines the hydraulic behaviour of expansive clayey soils stabilised with non-traditional and traditional chemical based additive. Tests were conducted to determine the state variation and stabilisation influence on the soil water characteristic curve using the dewpoint potentiometer for an expansive subgrade commonly found in Melbourne geology. Results show that the stabilisation has strong influence on soil hydraulic characteristics at various initial state conditions tested. Experimental data have been applied to illustrate the significance of incorporating realistic hydraulic response using a simulated practical application in road pavements. The research highlights the significance of incorporating accurate hydraulic characteristics for simulating and assessing the response of pavement constructed with stabilised unsaturated subgrade soils.

ACS Style

Jaspreet Pooni; Dilan Robert; Filippo Giustozzi; Chamila Gunasekara; Sujeeva Setunge; Srikanth Venkatesan. Hydraulic characteristics of stabilised expansive subgrade soils in road pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2021, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Jaspreet Pooni, Dilan Robert, Filippo Giustozzi, Chamila Gunasekara, Sujeeva Setunge, Srikanth Venkatesan. Hydraulic characteristics of stabilised expansive subgrade soils in road pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2021; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaspreet Pooni; Dilan Robert; Filippo Giustozzi; Chamila Gunasekara; Sujeeva Setunge; Srikanth Venkatesan. 2021. "Hydraulic characteristics of stabilised expansive subgrade soils in road pavements." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-18.

Review
Published: 26 January 2021 in Process Safety and Environmental Protection
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Roads play a crucial role in the economic development of nations; reconstruction, resurfacing, or rehabilitation of the current roads result in the milling of approximately 120 million tons of asphalt pavement every year. Due to the significant volume of resources involved, road agencies constantly trade-off among economic, performance and environmental challenges to maintain and build road assets. To address these challenges – such as reducing the dependency on non-renewable petroleum-based products and minimising waste and landfills – recycling of end of life road material through various organic binders has been evaluated. Bio-oil, obtained through recycling of different sources, contains lower molecular weight components that resemble fractions of the virgin asphalt binder used to make roads. This review article focuses on the recycling of bio-oil and its utilization in asphalt binders – as an alternative, extender, modifier and rejuvenator – and asphalt mixes. This review paper provides information on the production methodology used to produce bio-oil from various types of biomass, along with upgradation techniques adopted to upgrade the bio-oil before its addition into bitumen. The chemical and physical properties of bio-oils vary for each type of biomass. The production methodology to produce bio-binder from bio-oil is also specified. Simultaneously, the effect of bio-oil on the mechanical, rheological and chemical properties are compared with those of conventional bitumen. It is concluded that the performance of bio-binder varies with the type of bio-oil used for the modification, generally improving the intermediate and low-temperature viscoelastic behaviour but reducing the high-temperature performance. This review article provides a sketch of favourable and harmful aspects associated with the utilization of bio-oil to form bio-binders.

ACS Style

Muhammad Zahoor; Sabzoi Nizamuddin; Srinivasan Madapusi; Filippo Giustozzi. Recycling asphalt using waste bio-oil: A review of the production processes, properties and future perspectives. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2021, 147, 1135 -1159.

AMA Style

Muhammad Zahoor, Sabzoi Nizamuddin, Srinivasan Madapusi, Filippo Giustozzi. Recycling asphalt using waste bio-oil: A review of the production processes, properties and future perspectives. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2021; 147 ():1135-1159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Zahoor; Sabzoi Nizamuddin; Srinivasan Madapusi; Filippo Giustozzi. 2021. "Recycling asphalt using waste bio-oil: A review of the production processes, properties and future perspectives." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 147, no. : 1135-1159.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the performance of concrete containing post-customer plastic as natural aggregate replacement. An experimental database of 370 individual concrete mix designs is collated from 60 studies and covers a large variety of plastic aggregate types and concrete mixing factors. This database is used to: evaluate the overall variability of plastic aggregate concrete (PAC), quantify the uncertainty of applying models developed for natural aggregate concrete (NAC) to predict the compressive strength of PAC, and to identify the influential PAC mixing factors. The database is also used to develop a new design-oriented model to predict the 28-day compressive strength of each type of PAC. A significant change in the failure mechanism of PAC at different strength grades is identified based on these analyses. Moreover, comparisons of mechanical properties of PAC with models given in major design codes for conventional NAC are performed. It is shown that the existing models cannot adequately predict PAC mechanical properties due to the significant differences in the characteristics of PA and NA.

ACS Style

Rebecca J. Gravina; Tianyu Xie; Filippo Giustozzi; Xinyu Zhao; Phillip Visintin. Assessment of the variability and uncertainty of using post-customer plastics as natural aggregate replacement in concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 273, 121747 .

AMA Style

Rebecca J. Gravina, Tianyu Xie, Filippo Giustozzi, Xinyu Zhao, Phillip Visintin. Assessment of the variability and uncertainty of using post-customer plastics as natural aggregate replacement in concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 273 ():121747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca J. Gravina; Tianyu Xie; Filippo Giustozzi; Xinyu Zhao; Phillip Visintin. 2020. "Assessment of the variability and uncertainty of using post-customer plastics as natural aggregate replacement in concrete." Construction and Building Materials 273, no. : 121747.

Short communication
Published: 02 November 2020 in Case Studies in Construction Materials
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Due to hoisted ecological and economic awareness, the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in road pavements is universally recognized as a practical choice to limit the use of raw material, such as aggregates and bitumen, and reduce construction costs. Despite the environmental and economic benefits, in any given year of their service life pavements undergo a range of conditions that may affect their long-term performance. These may include moisture damage and freezing and thawing, for instance. This study presents a laboratory investigation that has been conducted on asphalt mixes containing 20 % RAP material, commonly used by the Australian road industry, to analyse the effect of moisture and freeze/thaw cycles on asphalt long-term performance. The use of a rejuvenator was tested to evaluate any potential increase in durability due to the improved degree of blending and activation of the RAP binder in the asphalt mix. In addition to the standard tensile strength ratio (TSR), asphalt samples were tested - before/after moisture and freeze/thaw damage - under cyclic loading for the assessment of the residual stiffness value, moisture-affected residual fatigue life and rutting. Results highlighted how the use of the rejuvenator can contribute to slow down the deterioration of RAP mixes and reduce moisture and freeze/thaw damage effects on pavement durability.

ACS Style

Muhammad Aakif Ishaq; Filippo Giustozzi. Rejuvenator effectiveness in reducing moisture and freeze/thaw damage on long-term performance of 20 % RAP asphalt mixes: An Australian case study. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2020, 13, e00454 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Aakif Ishaq, Filippo Giustozzi. Rejuvenator effectiveness in reducing moisture and freeze/thaw damage on long-term performance of 20 % RAP asphalt mixes: An Australian case study. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2020; 13 ():e00454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Aakif Ishaq; Filippo Giustozzi. 2020. "Rejuvenator effectiveness in reducing moisture and freeze/thaw damage on long-term performance of 20 % RAP asphalt mixes: An Australian case study." Case Studies in Construction Materials 13, no. : e00454.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Expansive soils are a common problem to overlying geotechnical structures risking for distress and damage caused by moisture induced ground movements. Calcium-based stabilization is readily adopted to improve and enhance the problematic expansive subgrade increasing strength and the volume change behaviour. For ground improvement, the use of lime and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to treat expansive soil has been in common practice; however, Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement can be an effective alternative due to the reduced environmental impact. To date, limited literature surrounds the understanding of CSA cement in expansive soil, but largely focussed its applications on concrete infrastructure. This paper investigates the stabilization mechanism of CSA treated expansive soils by identifying the major hydration products and microstructural characteristics with respect to CSA cement dosage and curing rate. The study reveals CSA cement stabilization directly affects mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics due to three key phases of cationic exchange, flocculation and agglomeration between the clay sheets and cementitious hydration. The addition of CSA cement in the ground stabilization serves to shift towards a sustainable approach in reducing the carbon impact of traditional stabilization techniques.

ACS Style

J. Pooni; D. Robert; F. Giustozzi; S. Setunge; Y.M. Xie; J. Xia. Novel use of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement for treating problematic soils. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 260, 120433 .

AMA Style

J. Pooni, D. Robert, F. Giustozzi, S. Setunge, Y.M. Xie, J. Xia. Novel use of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement for treating problematic soils. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 260 ():120433.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Pooni; D. Robert; F. Giustozzi; S. Setunge; Y.M. Xie; J. Xia. 2020. "Novel use of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement for treating problematic soils." Construction and Building Materials 260, no. : 120433.

Journal article
Published: 30 August 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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One of the most common polymers for bitumen modification and polymer-modified bitumen is Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). Although of standard use, EVA can assume very different acceptations depending on the VA content within the copolymer matrix; low VA contents make EVA similar to a tough plastic while higher VA content makes it similar to a flexible rubber. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of vinyl acetate (VA) content on the performance of polymer-modified bitumen. In this study, base bitumen was modified with both styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) and EVA with 9%, 12%, 18%, and 24% VA content. A reference modified bitumen with SBS and low-density polyethene (LDPE) is also studied. Tensile strength tests were initially conducted on the single and hybrid polymers only, prior to bitumen addition. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and rheological tests were then carried out on the polymer-modified bitumen. The results from the thermal analysis concluded that the increase in vinyl acetate hinders the crystallization of the polymer, thus reducing the melting temperature and enthalpy. The rheological results showed that modifying bitumen with various EVA has allowed the formation of a rigid three-dimensional network when the polymers are dispersed within the bitumen thus improving the rheological behaviour primarily at low frequencies (high temperature).

ACS Style

Ilya Binti Joohari; Filippo Giustozzi. Effect of different vinyl-acetate contents in hybrid SBS-EVA modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 262, 120574 .

AMA Style

Ilya Binti Joohari, Filippo Giustozzi. Effect of different vinyl-acetate contents in hybrid SBS-EVA modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 262 ():120574.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilya Binti Joohari; Filippo Giustozzi. 2020. "Effect of different vinyl-acetate contents in hybrid SBS-EVA modified bitumen." Construction and Building Materials 262, no. : 120574.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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The present study investigates – from an environmental perspective – the processes that lead to the conversion of waste plastics into recycled plastic pellets to be used either as an additive (wet method) or as a replacement of natural aggregate (dry method) in the production of asphalt mixes. Data from recycling facilities in Victoria, Australia, were collected and used as the basis for a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) study. Analyses were conducted by considering several replacement ratios of virgin material by its recycled counterpart in the so-called wet and dry method. A case study considering the production of recycled-plastic asphalt to be applied in the construction of a typical surface layer of a road in Victoria was evaluated. In general, the results show that recycling plastics as a polymer for bitumen modification and as a synthetic aggregate replacement in asphalt mixes has the potential to be environmentally advantageous compared to their virgin counterpart (i.e. virgin polymers and natural quarry aggregates).

ACS Style

J. Santos; A. Pham; P. Stasinopoulos; F. Giustozzi. Recycling waste plastics in roads: A life-cycle assessment study using primary data. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 751, 141842 .

AMA Style

J. Santos, A. Pham, P. Stasinopoulos, F. Giustozzi. Recycling waste plastics in roads: A life-cycle assessment study using primary data. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 751 ():141842.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Santos; A. Pham; P. Stasinopoulos; F. Giustozzi. 2020. "Recycling waste plastics in roads: A life-cycle assessment study using primary data." Science of The Total Environment 751, no. : 141842.

Review article
Published: 11 August 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Roads serve as a backbone of developing economies; thousands of kilometres of new roads are built every year and old ones are continuously repaired. Due to the large areal extension, maintenance of asphalt pavements generates significant economic, energy, social, and environmental impacts. ‘Rejuvenation’ of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in roads helps minimize reliance on non-renewable resources; for this purpose, various organic-based rejuvenators have been used in recent times. Waste cooking oil (WCO), which contains light oil components analogous to those of the virgin bitumen, has been proposed as a sustainable product for improving recycling of aged asphalt. The present review study collects state-of-the-art information on asphalt rejuvenation using WCO. It provides insights on the correlations between plant production methods and laboratory studies to manufacture high content rejuvenated RAP mixes. In addition, WCO is comprehensively examined to provide more information about its chemical composition and the changes occurring in its chemical properties at various states of degradation (i.e. virgin and used cooking oil). The effect of WCO on the mechanical, rheological, chemical and microscopic characteristics of the asphalt binder and asphalt pavements behaviour was assessed. This review highlights that the addition of WCO to the asphalt binder improves fatigue and thermal cracking properties of the mix, but at the expense of rutting resistance unless further polymeric modification is achieved. The increase in the acid value of the oil and its moisture content negatively affect the asphalt binder properties. For the asphalt mixtures, an increment in WCO dosage generates an increase in the thermal cracking resistance but reduces rutting, fatigue, and moisture resistance of the pavement. Overall, this review article provides an overview of the positive and negative aspects of the applications of WCO as an eco-friendly asphalt rejuvenator.

ACS Style

Muhammad Zahoor; Sabzoi Nizamuddin; Srinivasan Madapusi; Filippo Giustozzi. Sustainable asphalt rejuvenation using waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 278, 123304 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Zahoor, Sabzoi Nizamuddin, Srinivasan Madapusi, Filippo Giustozzi. Sustainable asphalt rejuvenation using waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 278 ():123304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Zahoor; Sabzoi Nizamuddin; Srinivasan Madapusi; Filippo Giustozzi. 2020. "Sustainable asphalt rejuvenation using waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review." Journal of Cleaner Production 278, no. : 123304.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This work presents a study on the potential use of recycled linear low-density polyethylene (RLLDPE) as a substitute for virgin polymers to produce hybrid polymer modified bitumen (PMB). To investigate the feasibility of such use, experimental tests focusing on the thermal, chemical and rheological properties of the hybrid PMB were carried out. The hybrid PMB consisted of 3.5% styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) and 2% plastomers; the addition of sulphur, was also evaluated to investigate the chemical cross-linking effect. Commercial plastomers namely ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) were tested as a comparison to RLLDPE; all of them were combined in their hybrid form with SBS. The conventional bitumen test showed the highest softening point and lowest penetration value for RLLDPE-hybrid PMB compared to the others. RLLDPE-hybrid PMB also did not show any significant difference in chemical composition structure compared to virgin LLDPE-hybrid PMB, as well as any relative difference in thermal behaviour. The rheological behaviour of RLLDPE presents an improved stiffness at high temperature and enhanced elasticity at intermediate temperature. In conclusion, RLLDPE is applicable to produce hybrid PMB with superior properties compared to virgin plastomers, at the same time sustainably mitigating waste material disposal.

ACS Style

Ilya Binti Joohari; Filippo Giustozzi. Chemical and high-temperature rheological properties of recycled plastics-polymer modified hybrid bitumen. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 276, 123064 .

AMA Style

Ilya Binti Joohari, Filippo Giustozzi. Chemical and high-temperature rheological properties of recycled plastics-polymer modified hybrid bitumen. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 276 ():123064.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilya Binti Joohari; Filippo Giustozzi. 2020. "Chemical and high-temperature rheological properties of recycled plastics-polymer modified hybrid bitumen." Journal of Cleaner Production 276, no. : 123064.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Waste management is becoming an increasingly urgent matter around the globe. The efficient management and recycling of waste products can contribute to environmental sustainability. Trillions of cigarette butts (CBs) are being littered every day around the world, amounting to one-third of the world’s littered waste. CBs contain mostly cellulose acetate-based fiber wrapped with paper along with many toxic compounds like burnt tobacco, tar, and heavy metals. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, CBs take years to decompose into the environment and leach out toxic chemicals into the environment in the process. Researchers have investigated different methods to recycle CBs in asphalt concrete and bitumen. Mohajerani et al. in 2017 developed the encapsulation method for cigarette butts and investigated the incorporation of bitumen and wax encapsulated cigarette butts in dense asphalt concrete. Resilient modulus and marshal stability and flow test was carried out on asphalt samples and concluded with promising results. Rahman et al. in 2020 evaluated the use of CBs fiber in bitumen as modifier. As a continuation and expansion of the research, objective of this study was to investigate the rheological performance of CB fiber modified bitumen and the relevance of its application in stone mastic asphalt. The rheological properties like viscosity, complex modulus, and relationship with frequency, temperature, and phase angle were established, and the Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test was performed to assess the fatigue damage resistance criteria of CB fiber modified bitumen. Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) was prepared with CB fiber modified bitumen, and the Marshall Stability and Flow of SMA were investigated and compared with the control sample prepared with conventional virgin cellulose fiber modified bitumen. The results from the test met industry standards and supported the use of CB fiber modified bitumen in the construction of stone mastic asphalt instead of virgin cellulose fiber.

ACS Style

Tareq Rahman; Abbas Mohajerani; Filippo Giustozzi. Possible use of cigarette butt fiber modified bitumen in stone mastic asphalt. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 263, 120134 .

AMA Style

Tareq Rahman, Abbas Mohajerani, Filippo Giustozzi. Possible use of cigarette butt fiber modified bitumen in stone mastic asphalt. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 263 ():120134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tareq Rahman; Abbas Mohajerani; Filippo Giustozzi. 2020. "Possible use of cigarette butt fiber modified bitumen in stone mastic asphalt." Construction and Building Materials 263, no. : 120134.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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A global trend for developing sustainable transport infrastructure by adopting various sources of recycled material is being promoted by researchers and media daily. Recycling End of Life Tyres (EOLTs) in the form of Crumb Rubber (CR) builds on decades of past tradition. Local councils in Australia welcome recycling practices and sustainability although a general lack of guidelines is commonly acknowledged for low-traffic roads. This paper evaluates the benefits of low-content crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) for its application on Australian local roads, often exposed to very hot summer temperatures. Blending conditions play a vital role in CRMB; these include temperature, mixing duration and applied shear rate or shear mixer speed. In this study, the influence of blending conditions on the physical, chemical, thermal and rheological properties of low-content CRMB is investigated. Two shear mixing rates (700 and 3500 rpm) and three mixing durations (30, 60 and 90 minutes) were chosen and rubber-modified blends were prepared with 7.5% CR. Rheological tests such as master curve, black diagram, Cole-Cole analysis, and Multiple Stress Creep Recovery were investigated. It was observed that the mixing duration has minimal effect on low-content CRMB, however, the applied shear rate has an impact in the sense that it produces a relatively stiffer – and oxidised – blend at higher mixing speeds. This was also correlated to the outcome from Fourier Transform InfraRed analysis (FTIR). Overall, the use of low-content CRMB in local Australian roads can significantly improve the rutting performance while facilitating the recycling of end-of-life tyres.

ACS Style

Muhammad Jamal; Filippo Giustozzi. Low-content crumb rubber modified bitumen for improving Australian local roads condition. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 271, 122484 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Jamal, Filippo Giustozzi. Low-content crumb rubber modified bitumen for improving Australian local roads condition. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 271 ():122484.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Jamal; Filippo Giustozzi. 2020. "Low-content crumb rubber modified bitumen for improving Australian local roads condition." Journal of Cleaner Production 271, no. : 122484.

Articles
Published: 22 May 2020 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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Unsealed roads are an important asset providing the necessary connections between regional and metropolitan regimes of a country. However, these roads are affected by severe moisture fluctuations and recurring traffic loads that result in excessive maintenance. Unsealed road pavements are generally partially saturated during their service life, resulting in distinct volume and strength changes subjected to saturation changes. This paper investigates the capability of a novel stabiliser in reducing the adverse impact from moisture fluctuations and dynamic traffic loads on unsealed road pavements using an experimental and modelling approach. Firstly, a series of physical and mechanical tests were conducted on enzyme stabilised soil to explore its response under various saturations and its ability to suppress volume change. The application of subgrade stabilisation was then simulated using a verified modelling approach to assess the effectiveness of the novel stabilisation methodology for constructing unsealed road pavements. Finally, an analytical model was proposed to predict the performance of unsealed roads constructed on stabilised expansive subgrades subjected to loading and moisture cycles. The research highlights the importance of considering the effect of moisture fluctuations in pavement design and the possibility of adopting soil stabilisation for improved performance of unsealed roads constructed on expansive subgrade soil.

ACS Style

Jaspreet Pooni; Dilan Robert; Filippo Giustozzi; Sujeeva Setunge; Srikanth Venkatesan. Stabilisation of expansive soils subjected to moisture fluctuations in unsealed road pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2020, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Jaspreet Pooni, Dilan Robert, Filippo Giustozzi, Sujeeva Setunge, Srikanth Venkatesan. Stabilisation of expansive soils subjected to moisture fluctuations in unsealed road pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2020; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaspreet Pooni; Dilan Robert; Filippo Giustozzi; Sujeeva Setunge; Srikanth Venkatesan. 2020. "Stabilisation of expansive soils subjected to moisture fluctuations in unsealed road pavements." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The integration of various polymers in bitumen is common practice to reduce its thermal susceptibility. Nowadays, recycled materials are re-purposed in roads to improve the overall pavement performance and durability. Specifically, the use of soft plastics has been increasingly looked after by local governments and road authorities to possibly limit landfill, hence helping with the waste management issues experienced by many countries. This study evaluates the use of a very common and largely available soft plastic - recycled linear low-density polyethylene (R-LLDPE) - for modification of bitumen. To assess its applicability in the road sector, the base bitumen and R-LLDPE modified bitumen blends were compared through physical, chemical, rheological and thermal evaluation. It was observed that due the addition of high concentrations of R-LLDPE the viscosity and softening point were increased from 0.62 Pa s and 44.1 °C up to 5.75 Pa s and 122.3 °C, respectively, whereas the penetration value decreased from 59.3 to 14.3 (0.1 mm). A progressive increase in viscosity with increasing concentration of R-LLDPE indicates substantial reduction in workability due to the greater polymer-dominant phase. An increase in the intensities of peaks and the absence of new peaks during Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis confirms the successful blending of the recycled polymer into the bitumen matrix. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the modified bitumen had less evaporation and higher thermal stability than base bitumen. The rheological evaluation highlighted how the R-LLDPE addition significantly affected the thermo-susceptibility of the bitumen and improved the resistance to permanent deformation at high temperature and elastic recovery. Based on the overall findings of this study, it can be stated that R-LLDPE – if dosed correctly and sourced from homogeneous sources – can enhance the overall bitumen performance without significant drawbacks. In particular, 3% R-LLDPE is considered a suitable modification for most environmental conditions, whereas 6% R-LLDPE is only ideal for tropical climates. Higher dosage is not recommended.

ACS Style

Sabzoi Nizamuddin; Muhammad Jamal; Rebecca Gravina; Filippo Giustozzi. Recycled plastic as bitumen modifier: The role of recycled linear low-density polyethylene in the modification of physical, chemical and rheological properties of bitumen. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 266, 121988 .

AMA Style

Sabzoi Nizamuddin, Muhammad Jamal, Rebecca Gravina, Filippo Giustozzi. Recycled plastic as bitumen modifier: The role of recycled linear low-density polyethylene in the modification of physical, chemical and rheological properties of bitumen. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 266 ():121988.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabzoi Nizamuddin; Muhammad Jamal; Rebecca Gravina; Filippo Giustozzi. 2020. "Recycled plastic as bitumen modifier: The role of recycled linear low-density polyethylene in the modification of physical, chemical and rheological properties of bitumen." Journal of Cleaner Production 266, no. : 121988.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Concrete is susceptible to cracking typically under tensile stresses which reduces the mechanical resistance and endangers the overall durability of the structure. In this study, Super Absorbent Polymers are used with varying superplasticizer content to evaluate the efficiency of self-healing concrete. In-house fabricated mould is presented that induces controlled crack patterns in the entire volume of the sample. Self-healing efficiency is evaluated by conducting mechanical and non-destructive tests. In addition, X-ray tomography images are reconstructed into a 3-dimensional section to evaluate single crack closure and self-healing potential via porosity and sphericity analysis of cracks, including the reduction in crack width and the volumetric size of single cracks. The experimental results demonstrated that crack width up to 234 µm was healed with the addition of 2.2% superplasticizer content by weight of cement.

ACS Style

Amir Sidiq; Rebecca Gravina; Sujeeva Setunge; Filippo Giustozzi. The effectiveness of Super Absorbent polymers and superplasticizer in self-healing of cementitious materials. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 253, 119175 .

AMA Style

Amir Sidiq, Rebecca Gravina, Sujeeva Setunge, Filippo Giustozzi. The effectiveness of Super Absorbent polymers and superplasticizer in self-healing of cementitious materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 253 ():119175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Sidiq; Rebecca Gravina; Sujeeva Setunge; Filippo Giustozzi. 2020. "The effectiveness of Super Absorbent polymers and superplasticizer in self-healing of cementitious materials." Construction and Building Materials 253, no. : 119175.