Oral cancer is the most heterogeneous cancer at clinical and histological levels. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was identified as one of the most commonly modulated signals in oral cancer, which regulates major cellular and metabolic activity of the cell. Thus, various proteins of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were used as therapeutic targets for oral cancer, to design more specific drugs with less off-target toxicity. This review sheds light on the regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and its role in controlling autophagy and associated apoptosis during the progression and metastasis of oral squamous type of malignancy (OSCC). In addition, we reviewed in detail the upstream activators and the downstream effectors of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling as potential therapeutic targets for oral cancer treatment.

Diabetes is one of the most significant health issues across the world. People identified with diabetes are more vulnerable to various infections and are at a greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The plant-based food we consume often contains many sterol-based bioactive compounds. It is well documented that these compounds could effectively manage the processes of insulin metabolism and cholesterol regulation. Insulin resistance followed by hyperglycemia often results in oxidative stress level enhancement and increased reactive oxygen species production. At the molecular level, these changes induce apoptosis in pancreatic cells and hence lead to insulin insufficiency. Studies have proved that plant sterols can lower inflammatory and oxidative stress damage connected with DNA repair mechanisms. The effective forms of phyto compounds are polyphenols, terpenoids, and thiols abundant in vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. The available conventional drug-based therapies for the prevention and management of diabetes are time-consuming, costly, and with life-threatening side effects. Thereby, the therapeutic management of diabetes with plant sterols available in our daily diet is highly welcome as there are no side effects. This review intends to offer an overview of the present scenario of the anti-diabetic compounds from food ingredients towards the therapeutic beneficial against diabetes.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) showed a seemingly increasing incidence in the last decade. In India, despite the use of tobacco decreased rapidly, in the past five years, the incidence pattern of OSCC over gender and age showed a drastic shift. About 51 % of the head and neck cancers are not associated with habits. Studies exploring various contributing factors in the incidence of this malignancy have documented. Recently, the epigenetic factors associated with the induction and progression of OSCC were explored. More than 90 % of the human genome is made up of non-coding transcriptome, which believed to be noises. However, these non-coding RNAs were identified to be the major epigenetic modulators, which raises concern over incidence of carcinoma in non-habit patients. H19 is a long non coding RNA which proved to be an effective biomarker in various carcinoma. Its role in oral squamous cell cancer was not investigated in depth. This review discusses in detail the various epigenetic role of H19 in inducing oral carcinogenesis.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavanone (TMF), a bioactive compound isolated from Bauhinia variegata Linn., on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury in rats. Chronic intestinal inflammation was induced by repeated LPS administration, and the therapeutic potential of TMF in alleviating the associated damage was assessed. Male rats were subjected to chronic intestinal inflammation via repeated intraperitoneal administration of LPS at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight once daily for 4 weeks. Simultaneously, the test group received daily oral administration of TMF at 75 mg/kg body weight from day one after 4 weeks of induction of intestinal inflammation until the end of the experiment. Histopathological examination of the intestines, along with biochemical assays for inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and tissue integrity, were performed to evaluate the protective effects of TMF. Comparisons between the LPS-treated control group and the TMF-treated group were made to assess the reductions in inflammation and intestinal injury. TMF therapy diminished LPS-induced Nuclear Factor kappa B(NF-κB) activation and inhibited the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, thereby reducing oxidative stress. These data indicate that TMF provides protective effects by regulating critical inflammatory and oxidative processes associated with LPS-induced intestinal damage. In conclusion, TMF from B. variegata has been demonstrated to be a potential therapeutic agent for mitigating intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage, suggesting a natural method for addressing inflammation-induced gut lesions. Additional research is necessary to investigate its clinical applicability in inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal conditions.