Significant gaps remain in understanding the response of plant reproduction to environmental change. This is partly because measuring reproduction in long‐lived plants requires direct observation over many years and such datasets have rarely been made publicly available. Here we introduce MASTREE+, a data set that collates reproductive time‐series data from across the globe and makes these data freely available to the community. MASTREE+ includes 73,828 georeferenced observations of annual reproduction (e.g. seed and fruit counts) in perennial plant populations worldwide. These observations consist of 5971 population‐level time‐series from 974 species in 66 countries. The mean and median time‐series length is 12.4 and 10 years respectively, and the data set includes 1122 series that extend over at least two decades (≥20 years of observations). For a subset of well‐studied species, MASTREE+ includes extensive replication of time‐series across geographical and climatic gradients. Here we describe the open‐access data set, available as a.csv file, and we introduce an associated web‐based app for data exploration. MASTREE+ will provide the basis for improved understanding of the response of long‐lived plant reproduction to environmental change. Additionally, MASTREE+ will enable investigation of the ecology and evolution of reproductive strategies in perennial plants, and the role of plant reproduction as a driver of ecosystem dynamics.

There were trade-offs between acorn production and stem growth in individuals of Quercus ilex , and these occurred with annual and intra-annual periods. The costs of reproduction differed significantly between two study sites. Reproduction in trees often requires significant resources, and previous studies have documented trade-offs between reproduction and growth in numerous tree species. In the present study, we assessed the relationships of acorn production with annual and intra-annual stem growth of Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) at the level of the individual tree over 6 years (2006–2011) at two study sites in southwestern Spain. There were negative correlations between acorn production and annual and late summer–autumn stem growth during masting years. In other words, the growth rates were lower in trees that had greater acorn production. These results suggest the existence of trade-offs between growth and reproduction in Q. ilex. However, there was no relationship between acorn production and winter–spring growth. Moreover, the costs of reproduction varied between the two study sites. There were negative correlations between acorn production and late summer–autumn growth in both study sites, but there were only negative correlations between acorn production and annual growth in one study site. Trade-offs appear to be greater in smaller trees living under more stressful conditions. These results show the importance of making intra-annual measurements of tree growth for appropriate interpretation of potential trade-offs.

This work focuses on the sustainable green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) using bioreductants derived from orange peel extracts for application in the efficient oxygen evolution reactions (OER). The synthesized catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–visible spectroscopy. The Fe₃O₄NPs exhibit a well-defined spherical morphology with a larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and a significant electrochemically active surface area. The green synthesis using orange peel extracts leads to an excellent electrocatalytic activity of the apparent spherical Fe₃O₄NPs (diameter of 9.62 ± 0.07 nm), which is explored for OER in an alkaline medium (1.0 M KOH) using linear-sweep and cyclic voltammetry techniques. These nanoparticles achieved a benchmark current density of 10 mA cm⁻² at a low overpotential of 0.3 V versus RHE, along with notable durability and stability. The outstanding OER electrocatalytic activity is attributed to their unique morphology, which offers large surface area and an ideal porous structure that enhances the adsorption and activation of reactive species. Furthermore, structural defects within the nanoparticles facilitate efficient electron transfer and migration of these species, further accelerating the OER process.