Nanomaterials have become integral in various aspects of agricultural practices, including the development of nano-fertilizers for optimized crop nutrition. This study explores the application of green-synthesized iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) nanoparticles, as well as their composites, using a guava leaf extract (GLE). The focus is on assessing their impact on nitrogen fixation and growth in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). The nanoparticles were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The experiment involved two application methods (soil and direct plant spraying) with varying nanoparticle concentrations. Results indicate that the 1% composite nanoparticles applied to the soil and 3% Mo directly on plants yield the most favorable growth and nitrogen uptake in S. lycopersicum. Notably, the 1% composite treatment demonstrated significant enhancement in shoot length, number of branches, and shoot diameter at all three growth stages. Conversely, the 3% Mo treatment when applied directly to plants exhibited optimal results showing substantial shoot length, number of branches, and shoot diameter. Post-experimental soil nutrient analysis further revealed the nuanced effects of nanoparticle applications with 1% composite treatments enhancing nutrient availability compared to control and other concentrations. This research contributes to the evolving field of agri-nanotechnology emphasizing the importance of nanoparticle concentration and application method in influencing plant development and nutrient uptake, paving the way for sustainable agricultural practices.

Reckless urbanization in developing regions is leading to the deterioration of the urban environment. The ensuing impacts can place a burden on urban ecology, urban infrastructure, and residents. This scenario requires a combination of avoidance measures and a detailed assessment of the ecological sustainability of the city. While monetary assessments are certainly conceivable, in this study, the contributions of urban environmental infrastructure are weighed financially. Semi-planned (Jhang) and planned (Faisalabad) urban settlements provided the context for this survey. The study uses the Benefit Transfer Method (BTM) to assess changes in the monetary value of urban ecosystem services (UES) from remote sensing data. This finding suggests that urbanization in Pakistan is devouring productive ecological land in urban areas. The assessment shows that between 1989 and 2019, the agricultural area in Faisalabad shrank (−17.38%), and the built-up area increased (16.05%). Likewise, in Jhang City, the built-up area (4.44%) and wasteland (3.10%) swelled. However, during this period (1989–2019), the proportion of agricultural land in Jhang City decreased (−8.93%). As a result, prime areas of UES are falling back into low-return areas. It also found that provisioning ecosystem services (PES) accounted for a significant portion (68.12%) of the UES produced in Faisalabad and Jhang (69.72%), respectively. In contrast, Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) contributed the smallest share of UES in Faisalabad (1.63%) and Jhang (1.65%). However, the remaining two services, regulatory and support services, made significant contributions. The assessment shows the role of incoherence, inconsistency, resource constraints, and neglect in compromising the urban environmental integrity of these cities. This situation requires a comprehensive assessment and coordinated effort. For this, it is feasible and useful to combine socioeconomic information with land cover data through computerized equipment.