Stunting is one of the main nutritional problems that is still common in children under five and has serious health impacts. The results of National Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018 showed the prevalence of stunting at 30.8%, indicating that 1 out of 3 Indonesian children are still stunted. Probolinggo Regency is a priority area for stunting handling in 2019 with a prevalence of 50.2% according to a report from the National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K). One of the factors that directly affect the incidence of stunting is low birth weight (LBW), while the mothers' knowledge level of health is an indirect factor that affects the growth conditions of children under five. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of providing stunting early detection education on maternal knowledge regarding stunting prevention. This is a pre experimental research study with one group pre-post test design, children aged 0-24 months as the research subjects. The case group consisted of stunted children (BL/A <-2 SD Z-score), while the control group consisted of normal children according to the BL/U indicator. The number of research subjects for the case and control groups was 40 with mothers of the toddlers as research respondents. The samples were selected using total sampling technique. Data were analyzed using dependent T test and linear regression. The results suggested that at the beginning of the session before provided education about early detection of stunting, mothers with stunting toddlers had lower level of knowledge (73.3%) than those with normal toddlers (77%). After provided with education, the knowledge level of mothers with stunted toddlers appreared to be higher (89%) than those with normal children (87.6%), with significant increase in each group (P <0.05). It can be concluded that education on stunting detection can significantly improve mothers' knowledge regarding the prevention of stunting in children aged 0-24 months. Providing regular education, both by nutrition workers at the health center and integrated service post (posyandu) cadres, is necessary as an effort to prevent stunting to the maximum.

Background and Aim: Metaflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis, development, and complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). This inflammation is associated with insulin resistance. Therefore, the inflammatory pathways have been targeted for pharmacological treatment. Petiveria alliacea can decrease blood glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities; however, there are still insufficient data regarding its efficacy for the treatment of DM. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of P. alliacea leaf extract on the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance (IR) value and interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five diabetic rat models were randomly divided into five groups. The first group received the SNEDDS of P. alliacea leaf extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW), the second group received it at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW, the third group received it at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW, the fourth group received 18 mg of metformin, and the fifth group only received the SNEDDS formula. The treatment was administered once a day, orally, for 14 days. On the 15th day after treatment, the rats were sacrificed to obtain blood samples for cardiac examination. The IL-6, TNF-α, and insulin levels in the serum were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The HOMA-IR value was calculated using a formula. Results: The mean IL-6 and TNF-α levels were low in the group that received the SNEDDS of P. alliacea leaf extract. There was no significant difference in the insulin level in all treatment and control groups. However, a significant difference in the HOMA-IR value was noted between the group that received the SNEDDS of P. alliacea leaf extract and metformin and the group that did not receive treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: The SNEDDS of P. alliacea leaf extract reduced the HOMA-IR value and suppressed the TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the STZ-induced diabetic rat model.

Cosmos caudatus leaves are one of around 7500 types of plants that are known to have herbal or medicinal plant properties in Indonesia. This research determines the effectiveness of Cosmos caudatus as an antioxidant agent against cells, biomolecules, and bone density. Forty-three male rat aged 3-4 months were divided into four groups.Group P0 was only given distilled water. Group P1 was given kenikir leaf extract at a dose of 0.91 mg/kg. Group P2 was given kenikir leaf extract at a dose of 1.82 mg/kg. And group P3 was given kenikir leaf extract at 3.64 mg/kg ad libitum once a day for 28 days. The highest average SOD level was in the 1.82 mg/bb P2 conversion dose group (1.09 ± 1.76). The lowest mean CTX level was in the P2 group (8.30 ± 1.10). There was a significant increase in mean trabecular bone in the P2 group (43.33 ± 5.32). The number of osteoblast cells increased significantly at P2 (103.94 (SD 38.14)). The number of osteoclasts decreased from the control group (P0) to 0.60 (SD 0.43) at P2. Indicate that the Cosmos caudatus extract may have advantages as an antioxidant support agent for bone metabolism.

Imbalances in cardiac autonomic nervous systems are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and poor cardiac outcomes. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a practical and reproducible measure of cardiac autonomic nervous system function. Exercise training promotes positive adjustments in HRV. However, previous studies have reported mixed results. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term combined exercise training on heart rate variability in post-menopausal women. Thirty-four women aged 50-80 years, at least 12 months post-menopause, were divided into a control (CON) group and an exercise (EX) training group. The participants in the exercise group underwent a 2-week of combined exercise program consisting of aerobic, strength, flexibility, and balance exercises. HRV was recorded using an Actiheart device, before and after the final exercise intervention in a sitting position. The significant main effects of time and group were found in the parameter of SDNN (p time = 0.039; p group = 0.026). Post-hoc analysis showed a borderline increase in SDNN in the EX group (POST: 48.79 ± 17.88 VS 44.54 ± 17.39, p = 0.055). No significant change was observed in the CON group (POST: 35.55 ± 13.51 VS 33.17 ± 8.74, p = 0.288). Statistical analysis of other HRV components revealed no significant results (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, a 2-week of combined exercise training program, including aerobic, resistance, balance, and flexibility exercises improves global cardiac autonomic function in post-menopausal women. Keywords: combined exercise training, heart rate variability, blood pressure, menopause, and women

Obesity can interfere with the bone remodeling process, training is one solution to protect bone density. However, training and its intensity on bone remodeling through the biomarker Bone Specific-Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP) with obesity is still not widely studied so it is still unclear its effectiveness. The experimental study involved 24 mice (Mus musculus) that were induced with 30% fructose once a day for 60 days. Mice were grouped into 4 groups according to the intensity of training, namely the control group without training (K1), low intensity with a load of 3% body weight (K2), moderate intensity with a load of 5% body weight (K3), while high intensity was carried out with a load of 7% body weight for 70% (K4) of the maximum duration. All training sessions with a frequency of 3 times/week, and then a post-test comparison examination of BALP levels was carried out. The average number of BALP levels (ng/mL) in each group post-test, the control group had a result of 15.77±3.10, for the provision of low-intensity training with a value of 13.92±2.23, while for the moderate intensity training group of 13.11±1.67, for the highest increase was in high-intensity training with a value of 21.10±3.70. Based on the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test, the post hoc high-intensity training group was significantly different from other groups (p ≤ 0.05). All types of training intensity analyzed in this study increased BALP levels, especially in the high-intensity training group which had a very significant increase in BALP levels. Therefore, training and its intensity affect bone metabolism increase. Keywords: Aerobic Training, BALP, Obesity, Swimming, Training intensity.

Background: Wearable technologies such as smartwatches have revolutionized cardiovascular fitness training through real-time monitoring and personalized exercise interventions. However, the effectiveness of smartwatch apps in improving cardiovascular performance still needs to be systematically evaluated. Objective: This study aims to assess the contribution of smartwatch apps in improving cardiovascular fitness training using a systematic review based on the PRISMA framework. Methods: The research questions were designed using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) model. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Crossref, focusing on articles published in 2020-2025 that met the inclusion criteria. Result: The results showed that smartwatches improved exercise efficiency through real-time feedback, user motivation, and AI-based recommendations. It also improved exercise adherence and cardiovascular health outcomes. However, sensor accuracy, algorithm reliability, and variations in user engagement remain challenging. Conclusion: Smartwatch apps have great potential in optimizing cardiovascular fitness training. Future research needs to focus on improving sensor accuracy, refining AI interventions, and long-term user engagement to maximize their impact.