Nowadays, the residential sector of Kazakhstan accounts for about 30% of the total energy consumption. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the energy estimation model for residential buildings in Kazakhstan so as to reduce energy consumption. This research is aimed to develop the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) based Building Energy Simulation Model (BESM) for the reduction of energy consumption through the envelope of residential buildings in seven cities of Kazakhstan. A brute force optimization method was adopted to obtain the optimal envelope configuration varying window-to-wall ratio (WWR), the angle of a pitched roof, the depth of the overhang shading system, the thermal conductivity, and the thicknesses of wall composition materials. In addition, orientation-related analyses of the optimized cases were conducted. Finally, the economic evaluation of the base and optimized cases were presented. The results showed that an average energy reduction for heating was 6156.8 kWh, while for cooling it was almost 1912.17 kWh. The heating and cooling energy savings were 16.59% and 16.69%, respectively. The frontage of the building model directed towards the south in the cold season and north in the hot season demonstrated around 21% and 32% of energy reduction, respectively. The energy cost savings varied between 9657 to 119,221 ₸ for heating, 9622 to 36,088 ₸ for cooling.

In the 21st century, the concept of sustainable development has become a key foundation for humanity's future growth. The sustainability strategy is now broadly understood and influences all aspects of life, including education. Global threats to civilization, including economic, demographic, military-political, environmental, and socio-cultural processes, present significant challenges in socialization and adaptation for the younger generation. It is no longer possible to address these issues without the comprehensive and extensive use of preventive development mechanisms. Undoubtedly, one such crucial mechanism is the sphere of education, particularly the architecture of schools. Therefore, architecture, as a key resource in education, must evolve to a new level. The research's relevance lies in the need to apply new architectural and urban planning principles in designing modern schools that ensure an ecologically comfortable and sustainable educational environment. The study analyzes the creation of sustainable school architecture, using the Bali Green School in Indonesia as a positive example of successful implementation. To thoroughly explore the research topic, the authors utilize insights from natural, human, and social sciences, including ecology, psychology, philosophy, pedagogy, and microbiology. The study identifies five key principles: integrating architecture with nature, architectural identity, permaculture, openness in educational spaces, and environmental well-being.

With the rapid expansion of urban areas, roadside green infrastructure has become a critical element of sustainable urban planning. While green areas along highways and streets occupy a relatively small share of the urban carbon sink, they provide disproportionate ecological and social benefits, including improved air quality, carbon sequestration, effective stormwater management, heat island mitigation, and support for biodiversity. This study employs a qualitative comparative case study approach, drawing on literature and policy analysis from Kyoto (Japan), Hangzhou (China), and Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), to evaluate how differing climatic and urban contexts shape the design, performance, and challenges of roadside vegetation. The findings highlight that canopy type, planting methodology, and policy frameworks have a strong influence on the effectiveness of RGI, particularly in regulating temperature, controlling pollution, and supporting ecological connectivity. However, the study also identifies common challenges across contexts, such as spatial constraints, high maintenance demands, and vulnerability to climate extremes. Addressing these issues requires integrated strategies that combine ecological design, long-term governance, and context specific policies. The paper concludes by emphasizing that effective roadside greening can enhance urban resilience, provided it is supported by informed planning and sustained management.