Activated carbon from bio-char waste of bio oil pyrolysis of mixed sugarcane bagasse and Rambutan twigs was investigated. Bio-char as by-product of bio-oil pyrolysis has potential to be good adsorbed by activating process. Bio-chars waste was activated in fixed bed reactor inside furnace without presenting oxygen. Gas N₂ and CO₂ were employed to drive out oxygen from the reactor and as activator, respectively. One of the best activation treatments is achieved by performing activation in different temperature and time to produce standard activated carbon. The experiment was performed at different temperatures and activation time, i.e. 800, 850, and 900° C and 80 and 120 minutes, respectively, to determine the optimal operating condition. Activated carbon was characterized by analysis of moisture content, ash content pH, and methylene blue test. The results showed that optimum activation was at 850°C and 80 minute, where activated carbon produced indicated the best adsorption capacity. The ash content and pH had significant role in resulting good activated carbon.

Currently, fossil fuels are still the primary fuel source and reducing agent in the steel industries. The utilization of fossil fuels is strongly associated with CO₂ emissions. Therefore, an alternative solution for green steel production is highly recommended, with the use of biomass as a source of fuel and a reducing agent. Biomass’s growth consumes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which may be stored for variable amounts of time (carbon dioxide removal, or CDR). The pellets used in this study were prepared from a mixture of low-grade iron ore and palm kernel shells (PKS). The reducing reactivity of the pellets was investigated by combining thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and laboratory experiments. In the TGA, the heating changes stably from room temperature to 950 °C with 5–15 °C/min heating rate. The laboratory experiments’ temperature and heating rate variations were 600–900 °C and 10–20 °C/min, respectively. Additionally, the reduction mechanism was observed based on the X-ray diffraction analysis of the pellets and the composition of the reduced gas. The study results show that increasing the heating rate will enhance the reduction reactivity comprehensively and shorten the reduction time. The phase change of Fe₂O₃ → Fe₃O₄ → FeO → Fe increases sharply starting at 800 °C. The XRD intensities of Fe compounds at a heating rate of 20 °C/min are higher than at 10 °C/min. Analysis of the reduced gas exhibits that carbon gasification begins to enlarge at a temperature of 800 °C, thereby increasing the rate of iron ore reduction. The combination of several analyses carried out shows that the reduction reaction of the mixture iron ore-PKS pellets runs optimally at a heating rate of 20 °C/min. In this heating rate, the reduced gas contains much higher CO than at the heating rate of 10 °C/min at temperatures above 800 °C, which encourages a more significant reduction rate. In addition, the same reduction degree can be achieved in a shorter time and at a lower temperature for a heating rate of 20 °C/min compared to 10 °C/min.

Increased human populations induce enhanced developments in industry, transportation, infrastructure and other areas. To date, the energy needed to supply these areas is still mainly derived from fossil fuels. Renewable fuels become an attractive alternative for replacing fossil fuels that are being on the skids. Bio oil is one of the alternative energy sources resulting from biomass pyrolysis process. The purpose of this study is to obtain the bio oil characteristics of Pinus Merkusii flower in vary of temperatures and sizes of biomass powder, those were temperatures of 450-550 o C and sizes of 0.644 mm and 0.456 mm. Dry pine flower powder was inserted into a fixed bed reactor enclosed by furnace. Prior heating, the N2 gas was flown through the reactor to dissipate the O2 gas present in the reactor. After the N2 gas stream was stopped, the reactor was run in isolated condition. Pyrolysis run at heating rate of 15 o C/min and residence time for 3 hours. From the existing variations, the largest bio oil yield i.e. 45.2011% was obtained from the sample size of 0.644 mm at temperature of 550 o C. The resulting bio-oil had the following properties: dark brown, pH of 2.682-4.053; density of 1.01-1.145 gr.cm-3 ; viscosity of 58.544-103.465 mm 2. s-1 ; acetic acid content of 21-49.2 mg.cm-3 and the heating value of 10.850-11.663 MJ.kg-1. The bio oil was potential to be biofuel and biochemical materials through upgrading process.