Phytophthora palmivora dapat menyebabkan penyakit busuk buah kakao yang menimbulkan kerugian secara ekonomi. Pengendalian yang dapat digunakan adalah penggunaan agens hayati Trichoderma. Penggunaan Trichoderma dalam pengendalian dapat dilakukan secara tunggal maupun secara konsorsium dengan berbagai jenis Trichoderma maupun mikroba lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kompatibilitas konsorsium Trichoderma spp. endofit dan memperoleh kombinasi isolat Trichoderma spp. endofit yang mempunyai daya hambat tertinggi terhadap pertumbuhan P. palmivora secara in-vitro dan terhadap penyakit busuk buah kakao. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Riau pada bulan Agustus hingga Oktober 2018. Penelitian dilaksanakan secara eksperimen dengan perlakuan T1= Trichoderma spp. endofit asal akar kelapa sawit (TR), T2= Trichoderma spp. endofit asal batang kelapa sawit (TS), T3= Trichoderma spp. endofit asal pelepah kelapa sawit (TP), T4= TR + TS, T5= TR + TP, T6= TS + TR, T7= TR + TS + TP, yang terdiri dari 3 tahap yaitu: 1) uji kompatibilitas jamur Trichoderma spp. endofit, 2) uji daya hambat konsorsium Trichoderma spp. endofit dan 3) uji kemampuan konsorsium Trichoderma spp. endofit untuk mengendalikan penyakit busuk pada buah kakao. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Trichoderma endofit isolat TR-01, TS-02 dan TM-01 bersifat kompatibel sehingga dapat digabungkan. Kombinasi (TR-01+TS-02+TM-01) memiliki daya hambat yang tertinggi terhadap pertumbuhan P. palmivora secara in-vitro yaitu 72,97%. Kombinasi isolat Trichoderma tersebut juga memiliki kemampuan terbaik untuk mengendalikan penyakit busuk pada buah kakao.

The genus Pythium belongs to the soilborne Oomycetes. This research was conducted to characterize Pythium species from Punjab, Pakistan’s agricultural lands. Total of eleven Pythium (P. debaryanum, P. aphanidermatum, P. spinosum, P. irregulare, P. myriotylum, P. acanthicum, P. vexans, P. graminicola, P. dissotocum, P. echinulatum, and P. insidiosum) were isolated from the samples. Biometrics revealed the maximum values for aplerotic index were 59.8% for P. acanthicum and P. dissotocum while maximum values for ooplast index (39.6%) were calculated in the case of P. myriotylum and P. vexans. Molecular characterization, amplification of the ITS region revealed a genome size of approximately 570 bp. NCBI accession numbers for each species were acquired, and each species has shown 98–99% similarity with their reference sequences in the gene bank database. The research is a much-needed step to identify these pathogenic fungi morphologically and molecularly to understand its epidemiology and develop some potential management strategies.

Ganodema boninense merupakan penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada tanaman kelapa sawit yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian secara ekonomi di Provinsi Riau. Salah satu teknik pengendalian yang dapat dilakukan adalah penggunaan jamur endofit sebagai agens hayati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kemampuan antagonisme jamur endofit dari tanaman aren terhadap G. boninense penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Penyakit Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Riau pada bulan Juli hingga November 2020. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan metode eksplorasi, eksperimen dan observasi. Isolasi dari daun, batang dan akar tanaman aren menemukan 25 isolat jamuer endofit. Di antara isolat jamur endofit terdapat tujuh isolat yang menghambat pertumbuhan G. boninense sebesar 50,17% - 67,05% yaitu 67,05% (E2), 66,11% (E16), 61,43% (E18), 52,22% (E15), 51,23% (E3), 50,72% (E17) dan 50,17% (E25). Pada pengamatan mikroskopis , jamur endofit (isolat E2, E17, E18) menyebabkan hifa G. boninense menjadi lisis. Terdapat pula penempelan (isolat E3, E15, E25) dan penjeratan (isolat E16) hifa G. boninense oleh hifa jamur endofit. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa tiga isolat termasuk ke dalam genus Trichoderma (E2, E16, E18), satu isolat genus Papulaspora (E15), satu isolat genus Aspergillus (E3), satu isolat genus Syncephalastrum (E17) dan satu isolat genus Mucor (E25).

Mushrooms are a valuable group of fungi essential for their consumption and play a vital role in the ecosystem. Their fruiting bodies possess a variety in their shape, color, and ornamentation; these features are the reason for their identification. This study was carried out in Kumrat Valley, Upper Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to explore the ignored native flora of Pakistan and examine their detailed characterization. Fifteen species of order Agaricales were collected and characterized during the survey and sample collection. The highest percentage frequency (100%) was calculated in the case of Inocybe rimosa and Hygrocybe conica, while the lowest frequency (25%) was for Amanita species and developed a detailed Arc GIS map of the sampling site. DNA was isolated and amplified on PCR by using ITS primers. PCR products were sequenced and submitted to NCBI for accession numbers. A phylogenetic relationship between the species of the same order was made using Mega X. Similar studies are not common in Pakistan. Therefore, examining biodiversity and the different varieties of native mushrooms in forested areas of Pakistan is recommended.

Species of the genus Pythium are more related to seedling infections of different vegetable crops. In this research work, surveys were made to chili growing areas and infected chili seedlings were collected. Pathogenic fungi were isolated and characterized by culture characters and microscopic studies. Moreover, for authentic identification DNA was isolated and ITS region was amplified by PCR. Genome was sequenced and analysed with reference sequences. Genome sequence was submitted to NCBI Genbank database and an accession number was assigned. Molecular characterization has confirmed the identification of pathogen as Pythium kunmingense. It was also concluded that it is the very first record of P. kumningense from Pakistan.