The expansion of clothing and textile industry and the fast fashion trend among consumers have caused a rapid global increase in textile waste in the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream. Worldwide, 75% of textile waste is landfilled, while 25% is recycled or reused. Landfilling of textile waste is a prevalent option that is deemed unsustainable. Promoting an enhanced diversion of textile waste from landfills demands optimized reuse and recycling technologies. Reuse is the more preferred option compared with recycling. Various textile reuse and recycling technologies are available and progressively innovated to favor blended fabrics. This paper aims to establish reuse and recycling technologies (anaerobic digestion, fermentation, composting, fiber regeneration, and thermal recovery) to manage textile waste. Improved collection systems, automation of sorting, and discovering new technologies for textile recycling remains a challenge. Applying extended producer responsibility (EPR) policy and a circular economy system implies a holistic consensus among major stakeholders.

Exceeding nitrogen discharge into natural water bodies can lead to eutrophication in natural aquatic environments, as well as the decline in shellfish habitat and aquatic plant life. Currently, bacterial biological treatment process is the most common process employed in wastewater treatment plants, which requires extensive oxygen. The large demand for oxygen provided by mechanical aeration is costly and can strip out volatile compounds. Microalgae are photosynthetic micro-organisms, which can be a good source of oxygen in the wastewater treatment process. The effect of using microalgae, either solo or in consortia systems along with other micro-organisms (mainly bacteria) have been studied by researchers to improve their contaminant removal efficiency. In a consortia system, microalgae generate oxygen through photosynthesis to satisfy the oxygen requirement of bacteria. Simultaneously, they also remove contaminating nutrients throughout their growth cycle. Various factors affect the performance of the consortia systems such as lighting, pH, and species of microalgae and bacteria. Since microalgae are suspended and dispersed in the media, harvesting is crucial to achieving a high-quality effluent. This paper presents an overview on nitrogen removal from wastewater using different types of systems including microalgae solo and microalgae–bacteria consortia systems. The parameters that affect system performance as well as biomass harvesting methods are also discussed.