Background: Oral cancer (OC) is a common tumour that poses a threat to human health and imposes a heavy burden on countries. This study assessed the burden imposed by OC on the 10 most populous countries from 1990 to 2019 on the basis of gender, age and socio-demographic index. Methods: Data on incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and corresponding age-standardised rates (ASR) for OC in the 10 most populous countries from 1990 to 2019 were derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes were calculated to assess the trends of morbidity, mortality and DALY. The indicator that served as a proxy for survival rate was the supplement of mortality-to-incidence ratio (SMIR) (1 − (M/I)). Results: The number of new cases, deaths and DALY have increased in all 10 countries in the past 30 years. Trends in age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardised DALY for OC in the 10 most populous countries varied. The SMIR increased in all countries, with most countries having an SMIR between 30% and 50%. In 2019, the United States had the highest SMIR at 76%, whereas Russia had the lowest at 21.7%. Incidence and mortality were close between male and female subjects in Japan, Indonesia, Mexico, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. The incidence and mortality in male subjects in the United States, Russia, China and Brazil were two or more times those of female subjects. Gender difference was highest among patients aged 40–69 years. Conclusion: Trends and gender differences in ASIR, ASMR and age-standardised DALY for OC vary in the 10 most populous countries. Government cancer programs are often expensive to run, especially in countries with large populations. Policy makers need to take these differences into account when formulating policies.

Severe periodontitis is a significant public health concern. This study aimed to systematically analyze its burden by utilizing the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021 data and multiple analytical approaches, with the goal of providing evidence to reduce the disease burden and improve health inequalities. The burden of severe periodontitis at different levels was analyzed using prevalence as the metric, combined with the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Analyses incorporated including frontier analysis to estimate achievable outcomes and potential improvement spaces for disease burden, slope and concentration indexes to evaluate health inequalities, decomposition analysis to identify key drivers of changes in disease burden, and Joinpoint regression analysis and estimated annual percentage change to examine temporal trends over time. In 2021, the global age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of severe periodontitis was 12,498.3 (95% UI: 10,526.8 to 14,493.4) per 100,000 population, with more than one billion people worldwide affected. Regardless of development level, most countries have significant potential to reduce severe periodontitis burden. High SDI countries bear a disproportionately large burden, with inequalities worsening over time. From 1990 to 2021, global cases of severe periodontitis increased by 91.54%, driven mainly by population growth (66.15%) and aging (30.84%). Among SDI regions, population was the primary contributor to the increase, with the largest impact (134.48%) in low SDI region. Aging contributed between 13.69% (low SDI region) and 37.21% (middle SDI region). Epidemiological change significantly affected only low SDI region (-48.17%). In 16 of 21 GBD regions, population growth was the primary driver of rising cases. Case numbers rose across all age groups, with a more pronounced increase among older adults, particularly in high SDI region. During the period, ASPRs in low and low-middle SDI regions consistently above the global average, which was higher than those in high and high-middle SDI regions but close to middle SDI region, with a clear decline observed in low SDI regions. Severe periodontitis remains a major global health challenge, with substantial and growing burden, widening inequalities, and untapped opportunities for improvement. There is an urgent need for targeted policies and preventive strategies to address severe periodontitis effectively. Not applicable.

This study reports the risk factors, trends, and burden of cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 from the Global Burden of Diseases. The incidence, mortality, and DALY of all cancers in China for the past 30 years were analyzed. In 2019, the age‐standardized rates (ASRs) of cancer incidence, mortality, and DALY in China were 232.42/100 000, 136.72/100 000, and 3288.22/100 000, respectively. The five cancers with the highest age‐standardized incidence rates were lung, stomach, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers. From 1990 to 2019, the number of new cancer cases, deaths, and DALY increased by 168.78%, 86.89%, and 51.20%, respectively. The ASR increased by 22.21% for incidence and decreased by 19.01% and 27.19% for mortality and DALY, respectively, and their corresponding average annual percent change values were 0.71, ‐0.80, and ‐1.26, respectively. The main risk factors for cancer in China were smoking, air pollution, dietary factors, and alcohol use. From 1990 to 2019, the cancer incidence rate was on the rise, and cancer mortality and DALY rates were declining; however, these characteristics vary by cancer site. Therefore, current prevention strategies should be reoriented, and specific strategies for cancers in different sites should be established to prevent the increase in cancer cases.

To investigate the disease burden of caries in primary teeth across global, 21 regions, and 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Data on caries in primary teeth from 1990 to 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Study. The global incidence, prevalence of caries in primary teeth associated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed. The burden of the disease and temporal trends were quantified by calculating the age-standardized rate (ASR) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs). To evaluate the distributional disparities in the burden of caries in primary teeth, the slope index of inequality (SII) was used. Additionally, a frontier analysis was performed to pinpoint areas for improvement and examine disparities between countries according to their levels of development. From 1990 to 2021, the ASR of incidence, prevalence, and DALYs declined globally. In 2021, Eastern Europe had the highest ASR for the incidence and DALYs of caries in primary teeth, with Romania being the country bearing the greatest disease burden. The burden of caries in primary teeth was negatively associated with sociodemographic index (SDI) across the 21 GBD regions. The SII of each indicator decreased from 1990 to 2021. Many countries, regardless of their level of development, have considerable potential to reduce the burden of caries in primary teeth. The global burden of caries in primary teeth is in a state of alleviation. However, health inequalities in caries in primary teeth related to SDI have continued for over 30 years. The high burden of caries in primary teeth is concentrated in low- and middle-income countries. Active and effective prevention and strong management strategies are needed in specific regions to reduce the burden of caries in primary teeth and achieve equity in health outcomes.

The burden of oral cancer (OC) is closely related to economic development. We aimed to evaluate the burden of OC at different stages of economic development in China in terms of incidence, mortality, and mortality‐to‐incidence ratio (MIR) from 1990 to 2019. Data on cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. Based on human development index (HDI), Chinese economic development was divided into three stages: low, medium, and high HDI stages. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to evaluate the differences in age‐standardised incidence rates (ASIR), age‐standardised mortality rates (ASMR), and MIR at various stages of HDI. Correlation and regression tests were conducted to examine the association amongst ASIR, ASMR, MIR, and HDI in OC. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the trend of ASIR, ASMR, and MIR. Significant differences were observed in terms of ASIR, ASMR, and MIR between groups (P < 0.001). The values of both sexes in the low HDI stage were lower than those of the medium and high HDI stages, except for MIR, in which the low HDI stage was the highest (P < 0.05). ASIR and ASMR of OC in males at the medium HDI stage showed the fastest growth rate with EAPC values of 5.64 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 5.20 to 6.08) and 4.42 (95% CI, 4.01 to 4.82), respectively. A strong positive correlation exists between HDI and ASIR (r = 0.96) and ASMR (r = 0.91) in both sexes from 1990 to 2019. During the high HDI stage, the ASIR and ASMR of OC were at a high level, but the ASIR halted the uptrend trend and ASMR showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, the HDI index has been positively correlated with the ASIR and ASMR of OC in China in the past 30 years, but this relationship may not be sustained as the economy develops. The health department should continue to allocate additional resources for the prevention and treatment of OC.

This study was aimed at evaluating the use of oral etoricoxib for preemptive analgesia on the health‐related quality of life (QoL) outcome after the extraction of mandibular third molar. The study population consisted of 60 participants that required extraction of a single partial bony impacted mandibular third molar under local anesthesia and met the inclusion criteria. The participants were randomized into two groups. The etoricoxib group orally received 60 mg etoricoxib 30 min before surgery, whereas the control group was given a placebo. The patients were assessed postoperatively after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days using the United Kingdom oral health‐related QoL questionnaire and visual analog scale for maximum postoperative pain. The total dose of ibuprofen rescue intake and total number of days the drug was taken were recorded. Surgical removal of impacted teeth had a negative influence on the patient’s QoL across various physical, social, and psychological aspects. The scores for postoperative pain in the etoricoxib group were significantly lower than those in the control group on each postoperative observation day. The number of patients without analgesic rescue medication, the average amount, and total number of days emergency analgesics were taken were significantly lower in the etoricoxib group than in the control group. The etoricoxib group showed better QoL score than the control group. Preemptive oral etoricoxib is an effective therapeutic strategy for improving the QoL after surgical removal of the impacted lower third molar.