Patients with diabetes must have self-efficacy to perform necessary self-care tasks. Self-efficacy has been considered as one of the primary motivators on diabetes self-care; therefore, it is essential for health care professionals to assess the self-efficacy of patients with diabetes to provide optimal care. Despite older Korean immigrants having greater difficulty in diabetes management, research on self-efficacy for them is lacking. This study aims to examine the psychometric property of the General Self-Efficacy scale Korean version for older Korean immigrants with diabetes in the United States. In this cross-sectional, methodological study, data were collected using convenience sampling. Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to examine the psychometric properties. Cronbach’s alpha for the entire GSE scale Korean version is 0.81. The initial Eigenvalues show two factors, coping and confidence; however, the confirmatory factor analysis showed reasonable goodness of fit to the data (χ²(35) = 86.24, p < 0.01), χ²/df ratio = 2.46, AGFI = 0.87, GFI = 0.91, IFI = 0.90, ECVI = 0.74, CFI = 0.89, and RMSEA = 0.093 in the one-factor model. The General Self-Efficacy scale Korean version demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity. It can be used to investigate self-efficacy and to devise culturally tailored diabetes interventions.

Background:Diabetes is a chronic illness and increasing among older populations. Self-care is a critical element in managing diabetes. Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) has been used and applied in nursing to explain significant self-care concepts. Although older Korean immigrants are marginalized in maintaining optimal health status and accessing adequate health services, related studies are still lacking. Utilization of Orem’s SCDNT allows nurses to better understand associated factors in self-care among older Korean immigrants with diabetes.Purpose:The first aim is to explain the significant concepts of SCDNT. The second aim is to examine basic conditioning factors on self-care among older Korean immigrants with diabetes based on Orem’s SCDNT.Methods:Each concept and structure of Orem’s SCDNT was described with a table and figure. The 10 basic conditioning factors in self-care among older Korean immigrants with diabetes were investigated based on the previous literature and discussed in terms of Orem’s SCDNT.Results:By exploring the 10 basic conditioning factors among older Korean immigrants, nurses can identify related factors in the self-care of this minority immigrant group and initiate the development of culturally tailored and age-specific nursing interventions.Implications for Nursing Practice:This study provides an understanding of related self-care factors among older Korean immigrants with diabetes. Additionally, the findings will help nurses to develop customized effective interventions and implement appropriate diabetes care for this minority group.

This study examines the relationship between selected socio-demographics and digital health literacy on diabetes knowledge among older adults in the United States. Cross-sectional study. The eHealth Literacy Scale and the Short Diabetes Knowledge Instrument were used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's r, point-biserial correlation coefficient, Kendall's tau, ANOVA, and Poisson regression were used for data analysis. The mean age was 71. The mean sum score for digital health literacy was 28.32 (SD = 7.95; range, 8-40), and the mean score for diabetes knowledge was 8.8 (SD = 2.3; range, 2-13). The education level, annual income, number of digital devices, and digital health literacy have a significant relationship with diabetes knowledge. Ethnicity, marital status, living arrangement, and health insurance status significantly correlated with diabetes knowledge. The findings can be used as preliminary evidence in developing diabetes education and age-friendly interventions for marginalized older adults, allowing better access to digitally formatted health knowledge. Nurses should be knowledgeable about the impact of digital health literacy on diabetes knowledge for older adults. Nurses and healthcare providers should assess patients' digital literacy levels as part of routine diabetes care and guide the older adults to gain the ability to utilize digital health information resources. Given that diabetes is a chronic illness, older adults should be able to manage it independently, and nurses play a pivotal role in supporting their effective self-care and providing age-tailored health education and interventions.

Purpose: The purpose of this scoping review was to explore related factors in diabetes self-care among immigrants in the U.S. Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing chronic illnesses, but little is known about factors in self-care among minority immigrants in the U.S. Methods: The Arksey and O’Malley (2005) methodological framework guided this review, which examined 16 articles, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods designs. PRISMA guidelines were used with five Databases. Search terms included: immigrants in the U.S., type 2 diabetes, self-care, and self-management. Results: Factors related to diabetes self-care among immigrants were identified: (1) changed dietary lifestyle, (2) low economic and health insurance, (3) social support and resources, (4) low English proficiency, (5) psychological contexts, and (6) gender roles. Conclusion: Given the culturally unique related factors in diabetes self-care among immigrants, healthcare professionals must be knowledgeable and responsive to the ethnic minority immigrants’ needs to promote effective diabetes self-care.

Older Korean immigrants are one of the most understudied and marginalized Asian ethnic groups in the United States, despite their rapid population growth. Many older Korean immigrants encounter distinct challenges in assimilating into their new country as first-generation immigrants, including cultural conflict, language barriers, low economic status, and a lack of social support. These issues may be compounded for those who live alone, which is considered a negative factor in their mental and physical health. However, little is known about the correlates and health issues of older Korean immigrants living alone. This study’s objective was to explore correlates and health issues among older Korean immigrants living alone. Based on established scoping review methodology five databases, CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE, SocINDEX, and Health Source Nursing/Academic Edition, were used to find relevant studies. Twelve articles were reviewed, and four major themes were identified as correlates and health issues among older Korean immigrants living alone in the United States: depression, changed family relationships, social interactions, and factors on general health and well-being. The findings have significant implications for healthcare professionals for understanding the unique culture, situation, and physical and psychosocial vulnerability of older Korean immigrants living alone.