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Forests are the dominant land cover in Nordic–Baltic countries, and forestry, the management of forests for improved ecosystem-service (ES) delivery, is an important contributor to sustainability. Forests and forestry support multiple United Nations Sustainability Goals (UN SDGs) and a number of EU policies, and can address conflicting environmental goals. Forests provide multiple ecosystem services and natural solutions, including wood and fibre production, food, clear and clean water and air, animal and plant habitats, soil formation, aesthetics, and cultural and social services. Carbon sequestered by growing trees is a key factor in the envisaged transition from a fossil-based to a biobased economy. Here, we highlight the possibilities of forest-based solutions to mitigate current and emerging societal challenges. We discuss forestry effects on forest ecosystems, focusing on the optimisation of ES delivery and the fulfilment of UN SDGs while counteracting unwanted effects. In particular, we highlight the trilemma of (i) increasing wood production to substitute raw fossil materials, (ii) increasing forest carbon storage capacity, and (iii) improving forest biodiversity and other ES delivery.
Lars Högbom; Dalia Abbas; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Endijs Baders; Martyn Futter; Aris Jansons; Kalev Jõgiste; Andis Lazdins; Diana Lukminė; Mika Mustonen; Knut Øistad; Anneli Poska; Pasi Rautio; Johan Svensson; Floor Vodde; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Jan Weslien; Lars Wilhelmsson; Daiga Zute. Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5643 .
AMA StyleLars Högbom, Dalia Abbas, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Endijs Baders, Martyn Futter, Aris Jansons, Kalev Jõgiste, Andis Lazdins, Diana Lukminė, Mika Mustonen, Knut Øistad, Anneli Poska, Pasi Rautio, Johan Svensson, Floor Vodde, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Jan Weslien, Lars Wilhelmsson, Daiga Zute. Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5643.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLars Högbom; Dalia Abbas; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Endijs Baders; Martyn Futter; Aris Jansons; Kalev Jõgiste; Andis Lazdins; Diana Lukminė; Mika Mustonen; Knut Øistad; Anneli Poska; Pasi Rautio; Johan Svensson; Floor Vodde; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Jan Weslien; Lars Wilhelmsson; Daiga Zute. 2021. "Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5643.
The anticipated increase in extreme disturbance events due to climate change is likely to expose Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) dominated forests in northern Europe to new conditions. Empirical data on the resilience of such natural (unmanaged) forests to disturbance and the long-term patterns of regeneration in its aftermath are currently scarce. We performed a quantitative assessment of natural forest stands in north–western Latvia to identify and characterise the patterns of stand structure 44 years after a stand-replacing disturbance and investigated the effects of legacies on regeneration. The spatial distribution of tree species and their dimensions were assessed in 71 circular sample plots (500 m2 each) in natural forest areas, where Norway spruce dominated prior to the windthrow and salvage logging was not carried out. Spatial indices (species mingling index, size differentiation index, and aggregation index) were used to characterise stand structure and diversity. The different initial states (age and coverage of surviving trees) of stands affected eventual tree species dominance, size differentiation, degree of mingling and aggregation. Our results demonstrate a close relationship between disturbance legacies and spatial indices. The pre-storm understory and canopy survivors decreased species mingling, whereas survivors increased size differentiation. The size differentiation increased also with a higher degree of species mingling. Leaving differential post-storm legacies untouched promotes a higher structural and species diversity and therefore supports the management approach of preserving canopy survivors.
Endijs Bāders; Kalev Jõgiste; Didzis Elferts; Floortje Vodde; Andres Kiviste; Solveiga Luguza; Āris Jansons. Storm legacies shaping post-windthrow forest regeneration: learnings from spatial indices in unmanaged Norway spruce stands. European Journal of Forest Research 2021, 140, 819 -833.
AMA StyleEndijs Bāders, Kalev Jõgiste, Didzis Elferts, Floortje Vodde, Andres Kiviste, Solveiga Luguza, Āris Jansons. Storm legacies shaping post-windthrow forest regeneration: learnings from spatial indices in unmanaged Norway spruce stands. European Journal of Forest Research. 2021; 140 (4):819-833.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEndijs Bāders; Kalev Jõgiste; Didzis Elferts; Floortje Vodde; Andres Kiviste; Solveiga Luguza; Āris Jansons. 2021. "Storm legacies shaping post-windthrow forest regeneration: learnings from spatial indices in unmanaged Norway spruce stands." European Journal of Forest Research 140, no. 4: 819-833.
In light of the difficulties in stand volume estimation of natural forests, we analyzed height–diameter relationships and derived a set of height estimation equations for volume estimation for naturally developing forest ecosystems, using the Järvselja old-growth and the Laeva commercial forest in Estonia as a case study. This contribution presents an approach to model individual tree height–diameter relationships for Scots pine, common aspen, silver and downy birch, Norway spruce, black alder, gray alder, linden species, European ash, Norway maple, deciduous species and coniferous species in multi-size and mixed-species naturally developing stands in Estonia. Single-tree-level data were collected in 2013. Two methods were used to obtain stand-level data: whole surface inventory and partial surface inventory. To model the height–diameter relationship in naturally developed mixed-species forest stands in order to predict single tree height based on observed diameter at breast height, we applied nonlinear mixed models where we applied the Chapman–Richards and Näslund models as fixed-effects and the influence of the species contribution at the sites as random effects. The fixed-effects followed a set of criteria: (1) height starts at h = 1.3; d = 0; (2) the applied functions are monotonically increasing with a clear inflection point and 3) the fixed-effect model has an asymptotic value) in a naturally developed mixed-species forest.
Kristi Nigul; Allar Padari; Andres Kiviste; Steffen Noe; Henn Korjus; Diana Laarmann; Lee Frelich; Kalev Jõgiste; John Stanturf; Teele Paluots; Eneli Põldveer; Vivika Kängsepp; Harli Jürgenson; Marek Metslaid; Ahto Kangur. The Possibility of Using the Chapman–Richards and Näslund Functions to Model Height–Diameter Relationships in Hemiboreal Old-Growth Forest in Estonia. Forests 2021, 12, 184 .
AMA StyleKristi Nigul, Allar Padari, Andres Kiviste, Steffen Noe, Henn Korjus, Diana Laarmann, Lee Frelich, Kalev Jõgiste, John Stanturf, Teele Paluots, Eneli Põldveer, Vivika Kängsepp, Harli Jürgenson, Marek Metslaid, Ahto Kangur. The Possibility of Using the Chapman–Richards and Näslund Functions to Model Height–Diameter Relationships in Hemiboreal Old-Growth Forest in Estonia. Forests. 2021; 12 (2):184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKristi Nigul; Allar Padari; Andres Kiviste; Steffen Noe; Henn Korjus; Diana Laarmann; Lee Frelich; Kalev Jõgiste; John Stanturf; Teele Paluots; Eneli Põldveer; Vivika Kängsepp; Harli Jürgenson; Marek Metslaid; Ahto Kangur. 2021. "The Possibility of Using the Chapman–Richards and Näslund Functions to Model Height–Diameter Relationships in Hemiboreal Old-Growth Forest in Estonia." Forests 12, no. 2: 184.
In this review and synthesis paper, we review the resilience of secondary forests to climate change through the lenses of ecosystem legacies and landscape diversity. Ecosystem legacy of secondary forests was categorized as continuous forest, non-continuous forest, reassembled after conversion to other land uses, and novel reassembled forests of non-native species. Landscape diversity, including landforms that create varied local climatic and soil conditions, can buffer changing climate to some extent by allowing species from warmer climates to exist on warm microsites, while also providing refugial locations for species that grow in cool climates. We present five frames that allow forest managers to visualize a trajectory of change in the context of projected regional climate change, which are: Frame 1 (persistence), keep the same dominant tree species with little change; Frame 2 (moderate change), keep the same tree species with large changes in relative abundance; Frame 3 (forest biome change), major turnover in dominant tree species to a different forest biome; Frame 4 (forest loss), change from a forest to a non-forest biome; and Frame 5 (planted novel ecosystem), establish a novel ecosystem to maintain forest. These frames interact with ecosystem legacies and landscape diversity to determine levels of ecosystem resilience in a changing climate. Although forest readiness to adapt to Frame 1 and 2 scenarios, which would occur with reduced greenhouse gas emissions, is high, a business as usual climate change scenario would likely overwhelm the capacity of ecosystem legacies to buffer forest response, so that many forests would change to warmer forest biomes or non-forested biomes. Furthermore, the interactions among frames, legacies, and landscape diversity influence the transient dynamics of forest change; only Frame 1 leads to stable endpoints, while the other frames would have transient dynamics of change for the remainder of the 21st century.
Lee E. Frelich; Kalev Jõgiste; John Stanturf; Aris Jansons; Floortje Vodde. Are Secondary Forests Ready for Climate Change? It Depends on Magnitude of Climate Change, Landscape Diversity and Ecosystem Legacies. Forests 2020, 11, 965 .
AMA StyleLee E. Frelich, Kalev Jõgiste, John Stanturf, Aris Jansons, Floortje Vodde. Are Secondary Forests Ready for Climate Change? It Depends on Magnitude of Climate Change, Landscape Diversity and Ecosystem Legacies. Forests. 2020; 11 (9):965.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee E. Frelich; Kalev Jõgiste; John Stanturf; Aris Jansons; Floortje Vodde. 2020. "Are Secondary Forests Ready for Climate Change? It Depends on Magnitude of Climate Change, Landscape Diversity and Ecosystem Legacies." Forests 11, no. 9: 965.
Forest ecosystems are shaped by disturbances and functional features of vegetation recovery after disturbances. There is considerable variation in basic disturbance characteristics, magnitude, severity, and intensity. Disturbance legacies provide possible explanations for ecosystem resilience. The impact (length and strength) of the pool of ecosystem legacies and how they vary at different spatial and temporal scales is a most promising line of further research. Analyses of successional trajectories, ecosystem memory, and novel ecosystems are required to improve modelling in support of forests. There is growing evidence that managing ecosystem legacies can act as a driver in adaptive management to achieve goals in forestry. Managers can adapt to climate change and new conditions through anticipatory or transformational strategies of ecosystem management. The papers presented in this Special Issue covers a wide range of topics, including the impact of herbivores, wind, and anthropogenic factors, on ecosystem resilience.
Kalev Jõgiste; Lee E. Frelich; Floortje Vodde; Ahto Kangur; Marek Metslaid; John A. Stanturf. Natural Disturbance Dynamics Analysis for Ecosystem-Based Management—FORDISMAN. Forests 2020, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleKalev Jõgiste, Lee E. Frelich, Floortje Vodde, Ahto Kangur, Marek Metslaid, John A. Stanturf. Natural Disturbance Dynamics Analysis for Ecosystem-Based Management—FORDISMAN. Forests. 2020; 11 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalev Jõgiste; Lee E. Frelich; Floortje Vodde; Ahto Kangur; Marek Metslaid; John A. Stanturf. 2020. "Natural Disturbance Dynamics Analysis for Ecosystem-Based Management—FORDISMAN." Forests 11, no. 6: 1.
A large area of Estonian hemiboreal forest is recovering from clear-cut harvesting and changing carbon (C) balance of the stands. However, there is a lack of information about C- source/sink relationships during recovery of such stands. The eddy covariance technique was used to estimate C-status through net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 in two stands of different development stages located in southeast Estonia in 2014. Measured summertime (June–September) mean CO2 concentration was 337.75 ppm with mean NEE −1.72 µmol m−2 s−1. June NEE was −4.60 µmol m−2 s−1; July, August, and September NEE was −1.17, −0.77, and −0.25 µmol m−2 s−1, respectively. The two stands had similar patterns of CO2 exchange; measurement period temperature drove NEE. Our results show that after clear-cutting a 6-year-old forest ecosystem was a light C-sink and 8-year-old young stand demonstrated a stronger C-sink status during the measurement period.
Sille Rebane; Kalev Jõgiste; Andres Kiviste; John A. Stanturf; Marek Metslaid. Patterns of Carbon Sequestration in a Young Forest Ecosystem after Clear-Cutting. Forests 2020, 11, 126 .
AMA StyleSille Rebane, Kalev Jõgiste, Andres Kiviste, John A. Stanturf, Marek Metslaid. Patterns of Carbon Sequestration in a Young Forest Ecosystem after Clear-Cutting. Forests. 2020; 11 (2):126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSille Rebane; Kalev Jõgiste; Andres Kiviste; John A. Stanturf; Marek Metslaid. 2020. "Patterns of Carbon Sequestration in a Young Forest Ecosystem after Clear-Cutting." Forests 11, no. 2: 126.
Boreal and temperate forests cover a large part of the Earth. Forest ecosystems are a key focus for research because of their role in the carbon (C) balance and cycle. Increasing atmospheric temperatures, different disturbances (fire, storm and insects) and forest management (clear-cutting) will change considerably the C status of forest ecosystems. Using the eddy covariance (EC) method, we can define interactions among environmental factors that influence the C-balance and whether a forest ecosystem is functioning as a C-sink or C-source or possibly is C-neutral. In our review of published studies of different disturbances, we found that most of the post-disturbance studies based on EC method focused on the effects of forest fire and clear-cutting, only a few studies studies focused on the effects of storms and insects. Generally a forest is a C-source until several years after disturbance and then a forest is able to absorb C and become a C-sink. Recovery to C-sink status required up to 20 years in clear-cut areas. Recovery following wildfire disturbance was much longer, possibly more than 50 years. Recovery to C-sink status required approximately 5 years after storm and insect outbreak, however we can not predict overall recovery period because of the missing data.
Sille Rebane; Kalev Jogiste; Eneli Põldveer; John A. Stanturf; Marek Metslaid. Direct measurements of carbon exchange at forest disturbance sites: a review of results with the eddy covariance method. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2019, 34, 585 -597.
AMA StyleSille Rebane, Kalev Jogiste, Eneli Põldveer, John A. Stanturf, Marek Metslaid. Direct measurements of carbon exchange at forest disturbance sites: a review of results with the eddy covariance method. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 2019; 34 (7):585-597.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSille Rebane; Kalev Jogiste; Eneli Põldveer; John A. Stanturf; Marek Metslaid. 2019. "Direct measurements of carbon exchange at forest disturbance sites: a review of results with the eddy covariance method." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 7: 585-597.
In Lithuania, free-ranging European bison live sedentarily in the fragmented landscape of the central part of the country. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution and habitat selection of European bison in a semi-isolated territory. Free-ranging European bison living sedentarily have formed six groups in the mosaic landscape of central Lithuania. A herd of 34 individuals of European bison entered into a new semi-isolated territory in 2016. During the snow-free season, we tracked the movements of the herd by fitting a global positioning system (GPS) collar to the leading cow. To evaluate the home range and habitat selection, we used ArcGIS software, Jacobs’ index, and chi-square testing to verify significant differences between proportions. The home range of European bison was largest in spring, decreased in summer, and increased again in autumn; this was associated with feeding and the food supply in agricultural lands. European bison spent more time in the forest, especially during the daytime, due to disturbance, but in summer time and at night, the bison did not avoid agricultural land. In the forests, European bison preferred clear-cut, small-leaved deciduous (aspen, grey alder) forests of middle and mature age, but they avoided broad-leaved deciduous (ash), coniferous, and young forests. The increased number of European bison caused damage to agricultural crops and increased conflict with farmers.
Vitas Marozas; Artūras KibiŠa; Gediminas Brazaitis; Kalev Jogiste; Kastytis Šimkevičius; Edmundas Bartkevičius. Distribution and Habitat Selection of Free-Ranging European Bison (Bison bonasus L.) in a Mosaic Landscape—A Lithuanian Case. Forests 2019, 10, 345 .
AMA StyleVitas Marozas, Artūras KibiŠa, Gediminas Brazaitis, Kalev Jogiste, Kastytis Šimkevičius, Edmundas Bartkevičius. Distribution and Habitat Selection of Free-Ranging European Bison (Bison bonasus L.) in a Mosaic Landscape—A Lithuanian Case. Forests. 2019; 10 (4):345.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVitas Marozas; Artūras KibiŠa; Gediminas Brazaitis; Kalev Jogiste; Kastytis Šimkevičius; Edmundas Bartkevičius. 2019. "Distribution and Habitat Selection of Free-Ranging European Bison (Bison bonasus L.) in a Mosaic Landscape—A Lithuanian Case." Forests 10, no. 4: 345.
Boreal forests are an important carbon (C) sink and fire is the main natural disturbance, directly affecting the C-cycle via emissions from combustion of biomass and organic matter and indirectly through long-term changes in C-dynamics including soil respiration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from soil (soil respiration) is one of the largest fluxes in the global C-cycle. Recovery of vegetation, organic matter and soil respiration may be influenced by the intensity of post-fire management such as salvage logging. To study the impact of forest fire, fire and salvage, and recovery time on soil respiration and soil C and N content, we sampled two permanent research areas in north-western Estonia that were damaged by fire: Vihterpalu (59°13′ N 23°49′ E) in 1992 and Nõva (59°10′ N 23°45′ E) in 2008. Three types of sample plots were established: 1) unburned control with no harvesting (CO); 2) burned and uncleared (BU); and 3) burned and cleared (BC). Measurements were made in 2013, 21 years after wildfire in Vihterpalu and 5 years after wildfire in Nõva. Soil respiration ranged from 0.00 to 1.38 g CO2 m−2 h−1. Soil respiration in the burned and cleared areas (BC) was not reduced compared to burned and uncleared (BU) areas but the average soil respiration in unburned control areas was more than twice the value in burned areas (average soil respiration in CO areas was 0.34 CO2 m−2 h−1, versus 0.16 CO2 m−2 h−1, the average soil respiration of BC and BU combined). Recovery over 20 years was mixed; respiration was insignificantly lower on younger than older burned sites (when BC and BU values were combined, the average values were 0.15 vs. 0.17 g CO2 m−2 h−1, respectively); soil-C was greater in the older burned plots than the younger (when BC and BU values were combined, the average values were 9.71 vs. 5.99 kg m−2, respectively); but root biomass in older and recently burned areas was essentially the same (average 2.23 and 2.11 kg m−2, respectively); soil-N was highest on burned areas 20 years after fire. Twenty years post-fire may be insufficient time for carbon dynamics to fully recover on these low productivity sandy sites.
Kristi Parro; Kajar Köster; Kalev Jogiste; Katrin Seglinš; Allan Sims; John A. Stanturf; Marek Metslaid. Impact of post-fire management on soil respiration, carbon and nitrogen content in a managed hemiboreal forest. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 233, 371 -377.
AMA StyleKristi Parro, Kajar Köster, Kalev Jogiste, Katrin Seglinš, Allan Sims, John A. Stanturf, Marek Metslaid. Impact of post-fire management on soil respiration, carbon and nitrogen content in a managed hemiboreal forest. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 233 ():371-377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKristi Parro; Kajar Köster; Kalev Jogiste; Katrin Seglinš; Allan Sims; John A. Stanturf; Marek Metslaid. 2018. "Impact of post-fire management on soil respiration, carbon and nitrogen content in a managed hemiboreal forest." Journal of Environmental Management 233, no. : 371-377.
In the Baltic States region, anthropogenic disturbances at different temporal and spatial scales mostly determine dynamics and development phases of forest ecosystems. We reviewed the state and condition of hemiboreal forests of the Baltic States region and analyzed species composition of recently established and permanent forest (PF). Agricultural deforestation and spontaneous or artificial conversion back to forest is a scenario leading to ecosystems designated as recent forest (RF, age up to two hundred years). Permanent forest (PF) was defined as areas with no records of agricultural activity during the last 200 yr, including mostly forests managed by traditional even‐aged (clear‐cut) silviculture and salvage after natural disturbances. We hypothesized that RF would have distinctive composition, with higher dominance by hardwoods (e.g., aspen and birch), compared to PF. Ordination revealed divergence in the RF stands; about half had the hypothesized composition distinct from PF, with a tight cluster of stands in the part of the ordination space with high hardwood dominance, while the remaining RF stands were scattered throughout the ordination space occupied by PF with highly variable species composition. Planting of conifers, variability in site quality, and variability in spatial proximity to PF with relatively natural ecosystem legacies likely explained the variable compositions of this latter group of RF. We positioned the observations of RF in a classic quantification of site type conditions (based on Estonian forest vegetation survey previously carried out by Lõhmus), which indicated that RF was more likely to occur on areas of higher soil fertility (in ordination space). Climatic and anthropogenic changes to RF create complex dynamic trends that are difficult to project into the future. Further research in tracing land use changes (using pollen analysis and documented evidence) should be utilized to refine the conceptual framework of ecosystem legacy and memory. Occurrence and frequency of deforestation and its characteristics as a novel disturbance regime are of particular interest.
Kalev Jõgiste; Lee Frelich; Diana Laarmann; Floortje Vodde; Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Aris Jansons; Ahto Kangur; Henn Korjus; Kajar Köster; Jürgen Kusmin; Timo Kuuluvainen; Vitas Marozas; Marek Metslaid; Sandra Metslaid; Olga Polyachenko; Anneli Poska; Sille Rebane; John A. Stanturf. Imprints of management history on hemiboreal forest ecosystems in the Baltic States. Ecosphere 2018, 9, e02503 .
AMA StyleKalev Jõgiste, Lee Frelich, Diana Laarmann, Floortje Vodde, Endijs Baders, Janis Donis, Aris Jansons, Ahto Kangur, Henn Korjus, Kajar Köster, Jürgen Kusmin, Timo Kuuluvainen, Vitas Marozas, Marek Metslaid, Sandra Metslaid, Olga Polyachenko, Anneli Poska, Sille Rebane, John A. Stanturf. Imprints of management history on hemiboreal forest ecosystems in the Baltic States. Ecosphere. 2018; 9 (11):e02503.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalev Jõgiste; Lee Frelich; Diana Laarmann; Floortje Vodde; Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Aris Jansons; Ahto Kangur; Henn Korjus; Kajar Köster; Jürgen Kusmin; Timo Kuuluvainen; Vitas Marozas; Marek Metslaid; Sandra Metslaid; Olga Polyachenko; Anneli Poska; Sille Rebane; John A. Stanturf. 2018. "Imprints of management history on hemiboreal forest ecosystems in the Baltic States." Ecosphere 9, no. 11: e02503.
Lee Frelich; Kalev Jõgiste; Ahto Kangur. Importance of scale and process in forest disturbance legacies. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleLee Frelich, Kalev Jõgiste, Ahto Kangur. Importance of scale and process in forest disturbance legacies. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee Frelich; Kalev Jõgiste; Ahto Kangur. 2018. "Importance of scale and process in forest disturbance legacies." Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology , no. : 1.
The main tenets of forest health management are to simultaneously maintain productivity and all native species over time, which will in turn maintain ecosystem services provided by the forest. Natural disturbances oppose the stable flow of materials, while removals of timber short-circuit the flow of organic materials to the deadwood pool and reduce the average age of stands and trees across the landscape. It is likely that natural forests possess some level of redundancy with respect to the amount of deadwood and older trees and stands that are needed to maintain forest health, making it safe to remove timber products from the forest. Although this safe level of harvest is not exactly known, using practices such as close-to-nature forestry or best management practices with regard to structural features left after harvesting can ensure adequate residuals and help maintain forest resilience to disturbance. Furthermore, natural and human disturbances are not totally additive because, by chance, some stands are harvested before they are disturbed by fire or wind, making stand and tree-age distributions somewhat resilient to human disturbance. Harvesting stands and trees over a range of ages in the forest matrix of the landscape, thus minimizing truncation of stand and tree-age distributions due to harvest, combined with a system of reserved/reference forests to serve as a baseline for the effects of forest management, is probably the best way to create resilient forests and maintain adequate habitat for native species at all spatial extents and productivity over time.
Lee E. Frelich; Kalev Jõgiste; John A. Stanturf; Kristi Parro; Endijs Baders. Natural Disturbances and Forest Management: Interacting Patterns on the Landscape. Ecosystem Services from Forest Landscapes 2018, 221 -248.
AMA StyleLee E. Frelich, Kalev Jõgiste, John A. Stanturf, Kristi Parro, Endijs Baders. Natural Disturbances and Forest Management: Interacting Patterns on the Landscape. Ecosystem Services from Forest Landscapes. 2018; ():221-248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee E. Frelich; Kalev Jõgiste; John A. Stanturf; Kristi Parro; Endijs Baders. 2018. "Natural Disturbances and Forest Management: Interacting Patterns on the Landscape." Ecosystem Services from Forest Landscapes , no. : 221-248.
Isaac Newton's approach to developing theories in his book Principia Mathematica proceeds in four steps. First, he defines various concepts, second, he formulates axioms utilising the concepts, third, he mathematically analyses the behaviour of the system defined by the concepts and axioms obtaining predictions and fourth, he tests the predictions with measurements. In this study, we formulated our theory of boreal forest ecosystems, called NewtonForest, following the four steps introduced by Newton. The forest ecosystem is a complicated entity and hence we needed altogether 27 concepts to describe the material and energy flows in the metabolism of trees, ground vegetation and microbes in the soil, and to describe the regularities in tree structure. Thirtyfour axioms described the most important features in the behaviour of the forest ecosystem. We utilised numerical simulations in the analysis of the behaviour of the system resulting in clear predictions that could be tested with field data. We collected retrospective time series of diameters and heights for test material from 6 stands in southern Finland and five stands in Estonia. The numerical simulations succeeded to predict the measured diameters and heights, providing clear corroboration with our theory.
Pertti Hari; Tuomas Aakala; Juho Aalto; Jaana Bäck; Jaakko Hollmen; Kalev Jogiste; Kourosh Kabiri Koupaei; Mika A. Kähkönen; Mikko Korpela; Liisa Kulmala; Eero Nikinmaa; Jukka Pumpanen; Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen; Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto; Asko Simojoki; Mikko Havimo. Newtonian boreal forest ecology: The Scots pine ecosystem as an example. PLOS ONE 2017, 12, e0177927 .
AMA StylePertti Hari, Tuomas Aakala, Juho Aalto, Jaana Bäck, Jaakko Hollmen, Kalev Jogiste, Kourosh Kabiri Koupaei, Mika A. Kähkönen, Mikko Korpela, Liisa Kulmala, Eero Nikinmaa, Jukka Pumpanen, Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen, Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto, Asko Simojoki, Mikko Havimo. Newtonian boreal forest ecology: The Scots pine ecosystem as an example. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12 (6):e0177927.
Chicago/Turabian StylePertti Hari; Tuomas Aakala; Juho Aalto; Jaana Bäck; Jaakko Hollmen; Kalev Jogiste; Kourosh Kabiri Koupaei; Mika A. Kähkönen; Mikko Korpela; Liisa Kulmala; Eero Nikinmaa; Jukka Pumpanen; Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen; Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto; Asko Simojoki; Mikko Havimo. 2017. "Newtonian boreal forest ecology: The Scots pine ecosystem as an example." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6: e0177927.
The condition of forest ecosystems depends on the temporal and spatial pattern of management interventions and natural disturbances. Remnants of previous conditions persisting after disturbances, or ecosystem legacies, collectively comprise ecosystem memory. Ecosystem memory in turn contributes to resilience and possibilities of ecosystem reorganization following further disturbance. Understanding the role of disturbance and legacies is a prerequisite for maintaining resilience in the face of global change. Several legacy concepts discussed in the peer-reviewed literature, including disturbance, biological, soil, land-use, and silvicultural legacies, overlap in complex ways. Here, we review these established legacy concepts and propose that the new terms “material legacy” (individuals or matter, e.g., survivors, coarse woody debris, nutrients left after disturbance) and “information legacy” (adaptations to historical disturbance regimes) cut across these previous concepts and lead to a new classification of legacies. This includes six categories: material legacies with above- and belowground, and biotic and abiotic categories, and information legacies with above- and belowground categories. These six legacies are influenced by differential patterns of editing and conditioning by “legacy syndromes” that result from natural or human-manipulated disturbance regimes that can be arranged along a gradient of naturalness. This scheme is applied to a case study of hemiboreal forests in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, where natural disturbance, traditional clearcut silviculture, and afforestation of abandoned agricultural lands constitute the three main legacy syndromes. These legacy syndromes in turn influence forest response to management actions and constrain resilience, leading to a mosaic of natural, manipulated, and artificial (novel) ecosystems across the landscape, depending on how the legacies in each syndrome affect ecological memory.
Kalev Jõgiste; Henn Korjus; John A. Stanturf; Lee Frelich; Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Aris Jansons; Ahto Kangur; Kajar Köster; Diana Laarmann; Tiit Maaten; Vitas Marozas; Marek Metslaid; Kristi Nigul; Olga Polyachenko; Tiit Randveer; Floortje Vodde. Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management. Ecosphere 2017, 8, e01706 .
AMA StyleKalev Jõgiste, Henn Korjus, John A. Stanturf, Lee Frelich, Endijs Baders, Janis Donis, Aris Jansons, Ahto Kangur, Kajar Köster, Diana Laarmann, Tiit Maaten, Vitas Marozas, Marek Metslaid, Kristi Nigul, Olga Polyachenko, Tiit Randveer, Floortje Vodde. Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management. Ecosphere. 2017; 8 (2):e01706.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalev Jõgiste; Henn Korjus; John A. Stanturf; Lee Frelich; Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Aris Jansons; Ahto Kangur; Kajar Köster; Diana Laarmann; Tiit Maaten; Vitas Marozas; Marek Metslaid; Kristi Nigul; Olga Polyachenko; Tiit Randveer; Floortje Vodde. 2017. "Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management." Ecosphere 8, no. 2: e01706.
We compared the changes in aboveground biomass and initial recovery of C pools and CO2 efflux following fire disturbances in Scots pine (Pinus sylvesteris L.) stands with different time since stand-replacing fire. The study areas are located in hemiboreal vegetation zone, in north-western Estonia, in Vihterpalu. Six areas where the last fire occurred in the year 1837, 1940, 1951, 1982, 1997, and 2008 were chosen for the study. Our results show that forest fire has a substantial effect on the C content in the top soil layer, but not in the mineral soil layers. Soil respiration showed a chronological response to the time since the forest fire and the values were lowest in the area where the fire was in the year 2008. The respiration values also followed seasonal pattern being highest in August and lowest in May and November. The CO2 effluxes were lowest on the newly burned area through the entire growing season. There was also a positive correlation between soil temperature and soil respiration values in our study areas.
Kajar Köster; Egle Köster; Argo Orumaa; Kristi Parro; Kalev Jõgiste; Frank Berninger; Jukka Pumpanen; Marek Metslaid. How Time since Forest Fire Affects Stand Structure, Soil Physical-Chemical Properties and Soil CO2 Efflux in Hemiboreal Scots Pine Forest Fire Chronosequence? Forests 2016, 7, 201 .
AMA StyleKajar Köster, Egle Köster, Argo Orumaa, Kristi Parro, Kalev Jõgiste, Frank Berninger, Jukka Pumpanen, Marek Metslaid. How Time since Forest Fire Affects Stand Structure, Soil Physical-Chemical Properties and Soil CO2 Efflux in Hemiboreal Scots Pine Forest Fire Chronosequence? Forests. 2016; 7 (12):201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKajar Köster; Egle Köster; Argo Orumaa; Kristi Parro; Kalev Jõgiste; Frank Berninger; Jukka Pumpanen; Marek Metslaid. 2016. "How Time since Forest Fire Affects Stand Structure, Soil Physical-Chemical Properties and Soil CO2 Efflux in Hemiboreal Scots Pine Forest Fire Chronosequence?" Forests 7, no. 12: 201.
Kalev Jõgiste; Bengt Gunnar Jonsson; Timo Kuuluvainen; Sylvie Gauthier; W. Keith Moser. Forest landscape mosaics: disturbance, restoration, and management at times of global change. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2015, 45, 1 .
AMA StyleKalev Jõgiste, Bengt Gunnar Jonsson, Timo Kuuluvainen, Sylvie Gauthier, W. Keith Moser. Forest landscape mosaics: disturbance, restoration, and management at times of global change. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2015; 45 (9):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalev Jõgiste; Bengt Gunnar Jonsson; Timo Kuuluvainen; Sylvie Gauthier; W. Keith Moser. 2015. "Forest landscape mosaics: disturbance, restoration, and management at times of global change." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 9: 1.
Fire is a significant agent for the development of boreal and hemiboreal forests, altering soil and light conditions, affecting seedbanks, and removing seed trees. Burned areas should be managed with care, as inappropriate techniques prolong the regeneration period and reduce the diversity and resilience of stands to disturbances. To study the effects of fire and postfire management on the successional changes in regeneration abundance, species composition and tree height sample plots were established in sandy pine forests in northwestern Estonia on areas burned 2 or 22 years ago. Five types of sample plots were established: (i) areas without fire damage, (ii) burned uncleared areas, (iii) burned forest areas cleared after forest fire, (iv) burned uncleared areas with live trees, and (v) burned uncleared areas with dead trees. Three main tree species common to hemiboreal forests were analyzed: Betula spp., Pinus sylvestris L., and Populus tremula L. Results showed that clearing burned areas after wildfire significantly reduced the abundance of regeneration compared with burned uncleared areas but favored height growth of P. sylvestris in later development. To regenerate and maintain mixed stands after wildfire, retaining some residual trees can facilitate regeneration compared with complete clearing, although a dense stand with live trees or a large amount of deadwood can hinder regeneration.
Kristi Parro; Marek Metslaid; Getter Renel; Allan Sims; John A. Stanturf; Kalev Jogiste; Kajar Köster. Impact of postfire management on forest regeneration in a managed hemiboreal forest, Estonia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2015, 45, 1192 -1197.
AMA StyleKristi Parro, Marek Metslaid, Getter Renel, Allan Sims, John A. Stanturf, Kalev Jogiste, Kajar Köster. Impact of postfire management on forest regeneration in a managed hemiboreal forest, Estonia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2015; 45 (9):1192-1197.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKristi Parro; Marek Metslaid; Getter Renel; Allan Sims; John A. Stanturf; Kalev Jogiste; Kajar Köster. 2015. "Impact of postfire management on forest regeneration in a managed hemiboreal forest, Estonia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 9: 1192-1197.
Floor Vodde; Kalev Jõgiste; Jeroen Engelhart; Lee E. Frelich; W. Keith Moser; Allan Sims; Marek Metslaid. Impact of wind-induced microsites and disturbance severity on tree regeneration patterns: Results from the first post-storm decade. Forest Ecology and Management 2015, 348, 174 -185.
AMA StyleFloor Vodde, Kalev Jõgiste, Jeroen Engelhart, Lee E. Frelich, W. Keith Moser, Allan Sims, Marek Metslaid. Impact of wind-induced microsites and disturbance severity on tree regeneration patterns: Results from the first post-storm decade. Forest Ecology and Management. 2015; 348 ():174-185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFloor Vodde; Kalev Jõgiste; Jeroen Engelhart; Lee E. Frelich; W. Keith Moser; Allan Sims; Marek Metslaid. 2015. "Impact of wind-induced microsites and disturbance severity on tree regeneration patterns: Results from the first post-storm decade." Forest Ecology and Management 348, no. : 174-185.
Corresponding with the increasing global resource demand, harvesting now affects millions of hectares of boreal forest each year, and yet our understanding of harvesting impacts on boreal carbon (C) dynamics relative to wildfire remains unclear. We provide a direct comparison of C stocks following clearcut harvesting and fire over a 27-year chronosequence in the boreal forest of central Canada. Whereas many past studies have lacked measurement of all major C pools, we attempt to provide complete C pool coverage, including live biomass, deadwood, forest floor, and mineral soil C pools. The relative contribution of each C pool to total ecosystem C varied considerably between disturbance types. Live biomass C was significantly higher following harvesting compared with fire because of residual live trees and advanced regeneration. Conversely, most live biomass was killed following fire, and thus post-fire stands contained higher stocks of deadwood C. Snag and stump C mass peaked immediately following fire, but dramatically decreased 8 years after fire as dead trees began to fall over, contributing to the downed woody debris C pool. Forest floor C mass was substantially lower shortly after fire than harvesting, but this pool converged 8 years after fire and harvesting. When total ecosystem C stocks were examined, we found no significant difference during early stand development between harvesting and fire. Maximum total ecosystem C occurred at age 27 years, 185.1 ± 18.2 and 163.6 ± 8.0 Mg C ha−1 for harvesting and fire, respectively. Our results indicate strong differences in individual C pools, but similar total ecosystem C after fire and clearcutting in boreal forests, and shall help improve modeling terrestrial C flux after stand-replacing disturbances.
Meelis Seedre; Anthony R. Taylor; Brian W. Brassard; Han Chen; Kalev Jogiste. Recovery of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Young Boreal Forests: A Comparison of Harvesting and Wildfire Disturbance. Ecosystems 2014, 17, 851 -863.
AMA StyleMeelis Seedre, Anthony R. Taylor, Brian W. Brassard, Han Chen, Kalev Jogiste. Recovery of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Young Boreal Forests: A Comparison of Harvesting and Wildfire Disturbance. Ecosystems. 2014; 17 (5):851-863.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeelis Seedre; Anthony R. Taylor; Brian W. Brassard; Han Chen; Kalev Jogiste. 2014. "Recovery of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Young Boreal Forests: A Comparison of Harvesting and Wildfire Disturbance." Ecosystems 17, no. 5: 851-863.
Meelis Seedre; Anthony R. Taylor; Han Chen; Kalev Jogiste. Deadwood Density of Five Boreal Tree Species in Relation to Field-Assigned Decay Class. Forest Science 2013, 59, 261 -266.
AMA StyleMeelis Seedre, Anthony R. Taylor, Han Chen, Kalev Jogiste. Deadwood Density of Five Boreal Tree Species in Relation to Field-Assigned Decay Class. Forest Science. 2013; 59 (3):261-266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeelis Seedre; Anthony R. Taylor; Han Chen; Kalev Jogiste. 2013. "Deadwood Density of Five Boreal Tree Species in Relation to Field-Assigned Decay Class." Forest Science 59, no. 3: 261-266.