Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is a rare disorder affecting the skeletal system in pediatric population with an estimated incidence of 1:140,000 to 1:250,000 newborns. It is characterized by deformity of the tibia, including anterolateral bowing of the bone diaphysis and/or narrowing of the medullary canal, leading to instability or fracture. CPT can be either idiopathic or associated with underlying conditions such as type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), fibrous dysplasia, or Campanacci's osteofibrous dysplasia. Diagnosis is based on clinical and imaging findings, using conventional radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The disorder is characterized by recurrent pathological fractures of the tibia or fibula during childhood, often beginning by the age of 2 years. Treatment options include surgical and nonsurgical management.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a myeloid neoplasm characterized by a clonal proliferation of CD1a+/CD207+ dendritic cells. Although individuals of any age can be affected, the disease is most common in infants younger than 5 years of age, especially males. A wide range of manifestations, from asymptomatic to aggressive, have been described, along with multiorgan involvement. Even though the majority of bone lesions are observed, skin, lymph nodes, brain and lungs can also be involved. The involvement of hematopoietic system, including bone marrow, liver and spleen, is less frequent yet associated with worse prognosis, due to a worse treatment response. Diagnosis of LCH is based on the integration of clinical, laboratory, and radiological data; however, only histopathological examination might confirm it. As far as the spleen involvement is concerned, according to literature, it has been reported in about 15% patients with multisystem involvement, nonetheless only a few cases show parenchymal lesions. The present study reports the case of an infant with LCH with multisystem involvement, including bone, skin, liver, and spleen, with evidence of parenchymal lesions.

Neonatal dacryocystocele is a rare anomaly resulting from dilation of the lacrimal sac and duct due to congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, commonly referred to as congenital dacryostenosis. Although it can resolve spontaneously, it may rarely lead to potentially serious complications such as acute dacryocystitis or nasal respiratory distress, necessitating specialist consultation (ophthalmology and/or ENT) and further laboratory and imaging studies. We report a case of acute dacryocystitis in a newborn with a congenital dacryocystocele who presented since birth with a painful swelling at the left medial canthus, associated with epiphora and nasal discharge. Following an initial ultrasound, CT imaging revealed a soft tissue lesion in the medial canthal region and a left dacryocystocele extending into the nasal fossa that had progressed to acute dacryocystitis. The patient was hospitalized for intravenous antibiotic therapy followed by probing of the nasolacrimal drainage system. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of nasolacrimal duct anomalies such as complicated dacryocystocele.

Childhood cancer is Aa rare condition, despite being the primary cause of disease-related deaths among children, particularly in developed countries. Along with increasing incidence rates, there has been a global decline in the number of deaths from childhood malignancies due to significant advances in diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment, response assessment, and surveillance. As a result, children with cancer are experiencing better outcomes with increased survival rates, leading to a higher incidence of life-threatening complications, including recurrence and second malignancies, compared to adults. Radiology plays a crucial role in detecting these conditions early to reduce their morbidity and mortality. However, only a limited number of studies have explored the sequelae in the pediatric cancer population and their radiologic implications. This article aims to provide an overview of imaging complications of cancer and cancer-related treatment unique to the pediatric population and to review the relevant literature.